EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE OXIDATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE BY EGGS OF STRONGYLOCENTROTUS AND URECHIS AS DETERMINED BY USE OF C<sup>13</sup>

Black, Robert E.; Tyler, Albert

doi:10.2307/1538856

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…In Cecropia pupae this reaction accounts for but from 5 to 7% of the total gas uptake in CO-O 2 mixtures, in marked contrast to the 57% found in frog muscle (Clark, Stannard and Fenn, 1950). In developing sea urchin eggs the values range from 10 to 43 % (Black and Tyler, 1959a). It is tempting to speculate that all aerobic cells are capable of catalyzing CO-oxidation and that the magnitude of the phenomenon varies from animal to animal depending perhaps, as Breckenridge (1953) has suggested, on the state of oxidation of their cytochrome oxidase.…”

Section: Carbon Monoxide and The Metabolism Of Diapausing Pupaementioning

confidence: 88%

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The Respiratory Exchange of Diapausing Pupae of the Cecropia Silkworm in the Presence of Carbon Monoxide

Harvey¹

1961

The Biological Bulletin

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The inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by carbon monoxide stems from the remarkable similarity of this gas to oxygen. Recent work has shown that this similarity is even more far-reaching than formerly suspected, and that the combination of carbon monoxide with cytochrome oxidase may lead to phenomena in addition to a simple inhibition of respiration. For example, carbon monoxide may actually stimulate respiration (Daly, 1954). It may be combusted by oxygen, either enzymatically ( Breckenridge, 1953), or catalytically ; it may combine with water or alkali to produce formic acid or formates (Warburg, 1927).The combustion of carbon monoxide has been studied by several workers including Clark, Stannard and Fenn (1950) and Black and Tyler ( I959a, 195%).The last-mentioned workers present a useful summary of the recent work on the oxidation of carbon monoxide, while the larger subject of the effects of carbon monoxide on living organisms has been ably reviewed by Lilienthal (1950).

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Section: Carbon Monoxide and The Metabolism Of Diapausing Pupaementioning

confidence: 88%

“…(Breckenridge, 1953;Black and Tyler, 1959b). The most damaging evidence for this hypothesis is the augmentation of CO-combustion in light (Stannard, 1940;Black and Tyler, 1959a) where, presumably, the cytochrome oxidase-carbon monoxide complex is very unstable.…”

Section: William R Harveymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Respiratory Exchange of Diapausing Pupae of the Cecropia Silkworm in the Presence of Carbon Monoxide

Harvey¹

1961

The Biological Bulletin

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“…The enzyme activities were measured for one hour in Warburg vessels of the type devised by Stanley and Tracewell (1955), and the CO 2 was measured and recovered for C 13 /C 12 analysis. The procedures involved in the measurement of gas-uptake and CO-oxidation have been described (Black and Tyler, 1959). The vessels were illuminated in these experiments by a bank of 150-watt G.E.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Cytochrome Oxidase and Oxidation of Co in Eggs of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus

Black

Tyler

1959

The Biological Bulletin

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Black and Tyler (1959) have shown that developing eggs of the sea urchin and the gephyrean worm Urechis can oxidize CO, and these authors have presented data on the inhibitory effects of CO on respiration of developing embryos. The rates of CO-oxidation and ordinary respiration were such that in the presence of CO an excess gas-uptake occurred in the light in early developmental stages, but the percentage of excess uptake diminished as the respiratory rate increased. In the dark there was increasing inhibition of respiration and, in Urechis, diminishing CO-oxidation as the respiratory rate increased.The inhibitory effect of CO on cytochrome oxidase is well-known. Fenn and Cobb (1932) were the first to suggest that cytochrome oxidase could also oxidize this inhibitor, and Breckenridge (1953) obtained direct proof of this phenomenon, using labelled CO and purified cytochrome oxidase from pig heart. In the latter

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“…On the contrary, the rate of mitosis was believed to depend upon the influence of these three coordinating agents on another ferrous complex, unconnected with respiration, but essential for mitosis. Now the manometric measurement of oxygen uptake in sea urchin eggs in the presence of carbon monoxide or hydrogen cyanide is rather uncertain, on account of C O oxidation (24) and HCN-stimulated respiration (25). Accordingly it would be preferable to make use of the A T P measurements, and to suppose that these closely reflect the true respiratory rate, as they do in root tips.…”

Section: Effect Of Ferrous Coordination On Rate Of Mitosis In Sea Urcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Identical Mechanisms of Mitotic Arrest by Respiratory Inhibitors in Pea Root Tips and Sea Urchin Eggs

Amoore

1963

The Journal of Cell Biology

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The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of pea root tips is about 0.40 mmole/kg fresh weight. The effects of partial and complete anaerobiosis, and of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, on the ATP level are described. The ATP content was shown to correspond closely to the oxygen uptake under these conditions. However, there was no relation between the ATP level and the rate of mitosis, a situation which is in contrast with that in sea urchin eggs. In anaerobic conditions, mitoses in pea root tips could continue at a reduced rate, even though the ATP content had fallen to 1.5 per cent of the normal value in airThe ATP level in anaerobic conditions corresponded closely to the expected rate of ATP regeneration from known anaerobic sources of energy. Calculations show that even this severely restricted supply of energy would be more than adequate to drive the anaphase chromosome movements, so it is suggested that the concept of a mitotic energy reservoir is superfluous in root tips. No evidence could be found for the involvement during mitosis in sea urchin eggs of a non-respiratory ferrous complex such as occurs in pea root tips. Hence the dilemma remains, that whereas mitoses in both sea urchin eggs and pea root tips are arrested by respiratory inhibitors, yet the biochemical mechanisms of the arrest in the two types of cell are totally distinct.In a variety of tissues, the progress of dividing cells through the visible phases of mitosis has been shown to be relatively indifferent to inhibition of the energy-yielding metabolic pathways. These observations were interpreted by Bullough (3) to mean that preparations for the oncoming mitosis, including the generation of the necessary energy, were completed before prophase. This idea was elaborated by Swann (4) into the stimulating concept of a hypothetical "energy reservoir," which was supposed to be progressively filled during interphase, and subsequently drained during mitosis.Although the concept of an energy reservoir was developed by these authors specifically to explain their own observations on cell divisions in mouse ear epidermis (5) and sea urchin eggs (4) respectively, later reviewers have tended to regard the hypothesis as a generalization of more universal validity (6-9 Utkin's (12) work was unfortunately not carried beyond cytological examination of the tissue, but he made the natural suggestion that, although a certain amount of energy might be stored, some additional energy is required during mitosis. Both Amoore and Epel conducted physiological and biochemical studies of the tissue, aimed at discovering how much energy might actually be available to the tissue under conditions of metabolic inhibition. Amoore (11) measured oxygen uptake by the pea root tips and Epel (1) measured adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of the sea urchin eggs. In this way, both authors were able to compare (or contrast) the observed rates of mitosis with the probable energy levels existing in the tissue, and hence to develop hypotheses as to the biochemical mech...

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EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE OXIDATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE BY EGGS OF STRONGYLOCENTROTUS AND URECHIS AS DETERMINED BY USE OF C¹³

Cited by 15 publications

References 28 publications

The Respiratory Exchange of Diapausing Pupae of the Cecropia Silkworm in the Presence of Carbon Monoxide

The Respiratory Exchange of Diapausing Pupae of the Cecropia Silkworm in the Presence of Carbon Monoxide

Cytochrome Oxidase and Oxidation of Co in Eggs of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus

Non-Identical Mechanisms of Mitotic Arrest by Respiratory Inhibitors in Pea Root Tips and Sea Urchin Eggs

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EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE OXIDATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE BY EGGS OF STRONGYLOCENTROTUS AND URECHIS AS DETERMINED BY USE OF C13

Cited by 15 publications

References 28 publications

The Respiratory Exchange of Diapausing Pupae of the Cecropia Silkworm in the Presence of Carbon Monoxide

The Respiratory Exchange of Diapausing Pupae of the Cecropia Silkworm in the Presence of Carbon Monoxide

Cytochrome Oxidase and Oxidation of Co in Eggs of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus

Non-Identical Mechanisms of Mitotic Arrest by Respiratory Inhibitors in Pea Root Tips and Sea Urchin Eggs

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EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE OXIDATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE BY EGGS OF STRONGYLOCENTROTUS AND URECHIS AS DETERMINED BY USE OF C¹³