Effects of fermented ginseng on the gut microbiota and immunity of rats with antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Qu, Qingsong; Yang, Fang; Zhao, Chongyan; Liu, Xing; Yang, Pengshuo; Li, Zhixun; Han, Lu; Shi, Xinyuan

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113594

Cited by 49 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…(2016) found that herbal medicine fermented by lactic acid bacteria increased Lactobacillus counts and reduced E. coli counts in the intestinal tract of broilers. Qu et al. (2021) have also demonstrated that the gut microbiota of mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea mice was restored by treatment with a fermented herb.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of a probiotic-fermented herbal blend on the growth performance, intestinal flora and immune function of chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum

Wang

Xie

et al. 2021

Poultry Science

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Salmonella pullorum is a highly pathogenic bacteria in poultry industry. However, antibiotics were restricted in many countries because of the increasing risk of antibiotic resistance, Therefore, an environmental friendly and effective alternative strives to be developed. This study investigated the benefit of a probiotic-fermented herbal blend on the growth performance and gut microbiota of newborn broilers infected with S. pullorum . A total of 120 one-day-old dwarf male chicks were randomly allotted to 4 treatment groups, each including 5 replicates of 6 chicks: negative control ( NC ), positive control ( PC ), herbal blend ( HB ), and probiotic-fermented herbal blend ( PF ). All birds (n = 90), except for those in the NC, were infected with S. pullorum (1.69 × 10 8 CFU) on day 1. On day 11, body weight ( BW ), mortality, tissue pathology, cecal colony counts, immune organ indices, cecal mucosa secretory immunoglobulin A ( sIgA ) concentrations, and cecal cytokine mRNA expression levels were investigated. No mortality was observed after the PF treatment, and less pathological condition was in the ileum, cecum, and liver of HB and PF. BW, average daily gain and average daily feed intake were significant higher in the HB group compared to the PC and were the highest in the PF ( P < 0.05). HB treatment significantly increased cecal populations of Lactobacilli , and decreased cecal populations of Escherichia coli and Salmonella , but results were more pronounced in the PF group ( P < 0.05). Both HB and PF treatments increased cecal mucosa sIgA compared with the PC ( P < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma were lowest ( P < 0.05) and interleukin 4 was the highest ( P < 0.05) in PF, which exhibited similar levels to the NC group. PF treatment significantly improved the development of the thymus and bursa in S. pullorum -infected chicks. In conclusion, PF treatment prevented death, improved growth performance, regulated intestinal flora and enhanced immune ability of in S. pullorum -infected with chicks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of a probiotic-fermented herbal blend on the growth performance, intestinal flora and immune function of chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum

Wang

Xie

et al. 2021

Poultry Science

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“…These results were consistent with the results of the current study. A number of scholars focusing on the therapeutic effects of ginseng polysaccharides on diarrhoea mice have found that relative to the blank control group, the antibiotic‐induced diarrhoea mouse model had a significantly increased abundance of Bacteroidetes [21–22] . However, after ginseng polysaccharide was administered, the abundance of Bacteroidetes significantly decreased.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora

Zheng

Zhang

et al. 2021

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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Ginsenosides, including Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 and Rc, belong to protopanaxadiol-type saponins in Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Their contents are high in P. ginseng. They could inhibit oxidant stress, enhance immunity, lower blood sugar, resist tumor cells and facilitate other physiological activities. This study aimed to explore the interaction between ginsenosides Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 and Rc and the intestinal flora of healthy people. It also sought to analyse the biotransformation products and pathways of these ginsenosides in in-vitro human intestinal bacteria and their effects on the diversity of human intestinal flora. Human intestinal bacteria were incubated with ginsenosides Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 and Rc at 37 °C under anaerobic conditions. Samples were taken at different timepoints. The transformed products were identified by rapid high-resolution liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. After 48 h of transformation, the transformed product of ginsenosides Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 and Rc was ginsenoside compound K. The transformation rates were 83.5 %, 88.7 %, 85.6 %, and 84.2 %. 16S rRNA sequencing technology was applied to the bioinformatic analysis of faecal samples incubated for 48 h. Relative to the blank control, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria significantly increased at the phylum level. Moreover, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes significantly decreased in ginsenosides Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 and Rc. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Escherichia significantly increased, whereas that of Dorea, Prevotella and Megasphaera significantly decreased in all groups. These results showed that Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 and Rc could improve the structure and diversity of human intestinal flora and balance the metabolic process.

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“…Its structural characteristics were analyzed using multiple methods and it contains Gal, Ara, GalA, and Rha, with different sugar compositions and molecular weights [ 29 ]. Among these sub-fractions, two fractions mainly include 1,4-β- d -galactans, 1,5-α- l -arabinan, and AG-II and three fractions consist of HG, together with different ratios of RG-I and RG-II domains [ 28 ]. Structural fingerprinting analysis suggests that PPN, a crude polysaccharide from notoginseng extracted by ultrasonication, contains Ara, GalA, Man, Glc, and Gal, with a molar ratio of 2:1:2:83:7, contains 1→4 glycosidic linkages and shows an abundant amount of →4)-Hexp-(1→ [ 30 ].…”

Section: Structural Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, approximately 200 active substances in these three species have been discovered, including saponins [ 6 , 7 , 8 ], polysaccharides [ 9 , 10 ], oligosaccharides [ 11 , 12 ], polyacetylenes [ 13 , 14 ], peptides [ 15 , 16 ], and bioactive proteins [ 17 ]. Polysaccharides are the main active components and have demonstrated diverse pharmacological functions, such as anti-tumor [ 18 , 19 ], immune system modulation [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], anti-oxidant [ 24 , 25 ] and anti-aging [ 26 ] activities, as well as others [ 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparisons of Isolation Methods, Structural Features, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2021

Molecules

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Panax spp. (Araliaceae family) are widely used medicinal plants and they mainly include Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng). Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients in these plants and have demonstrated diverse pharmacological functions, but comparisons of isolation methods, structural features, and bioactivities of these polysaccharides have not yet been reported. This review summarizes recent advances associated with 112 polysaccharides from ginseng, 25 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 36 polysaccharides from notoginseng and it compares the differences in extraction, purification, structural features, and bioactivities. Most studies focus on ginseng polysaccharides and comparisons are typically made with the polysaccharides from American ginseng and notoginseng. For the extraction, purification, and structural analysis, the processes are similar for the polysaccharides from the three Panax species. Previous studies determined that 55 polysaccharides from ginseng, 18 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 9 polysaccharides from notoginseng exhibited anti-tumor activity, immunoregulatory effects, anti-oxidant activity, and other pharmacological functions, which are mediated by multiple signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, or redox balance pathways. This review can provide new insights into the similarities and differences among the polysaccharides from the three Panax species, which can facilitate and guide further studies to explore the medicinal properties of the Araliaceae family used in traditional Chinese medicine.

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Effects of fermented ginseng on the gut microbiota and immunity of rats with antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Cited by 49 publications

References 70 publications

Effects of a probiotic-fermented herbal blend on the growth performance, intestinal flora and immune function of chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum

Effects of a probiotic-fermented herbal blend on the growth performance, intestinal flora and immune function of chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum

Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora

Comparisons of Isolation Methods, Structural Features, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress

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Effects of fermented ginseng on the gut microbiota and immunity of rats with antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Cited by 49 publications

References 70 publications

Effects of a probiotic-fermented herbal blend on the growth performance, intestinal flora and immune function of chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum

Effects of a probiotic-fermented herbal blend on the growth performance, intestinal flora and immune function of chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum

Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora

Comparisons of Isolation Methods, Structural Features, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress

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Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora