Effects of fermentation by Ganoderma lucidum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on rape pollen morphology and its wall

Abstract

This study investigated the mechanism of wall rupture fermentation of the rape bee pollen by and. The enzymatic activities and broken-wall ratios were determined, and the results suggested the involvement of cellulase, protease, and pectinase in the wall rupture fermentation. Among the five substrate inducers, CMCase, protease, and pectinase had the highest enzymatic activities at 23.13 ± 1.09, 63.44 ± 1.35, and 118.61 ± 2.07 U/mL, respectively. The broken-wall ratios of and were 85.08 ± 3.92 and 88.31 ± 2.51%, respectively. The wall rupture of rape pollen was closely related to the enzymes of the fermenting species. The wall rupture process was determined through enzyme assay, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, and the broken-wall ratios provide further information on the said mechanism. The process follows three steps, namely, removal of coating on the pollen surface, continuous opening of three germinal apertures to allow enzymatic breakdown of the intine, and release of contents from the degradation of the exine.

Separation and Characterization of Phenolamines and Flavonoids from Rape Bee Pollen, and Comparison of Their Antioxidant Activities and Protective Effects Against Oxidative Stress

“…Bee pollen is composed of pollen collected from angiosperm stamens or gymnosperms by worker bees and mixed with a number of enzymes secreted by nectar and bee salivary glands (such as catalase and amylase) [1]. It contains a variety of essential nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, fatty acids, enzymes and vitamins, as well as flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolamides [2][3][4].…”

Effect of ultrasonic and ball‐milling treatment on cell wall, nutrients, and antioxidant capacity of rose (Rosa rugosa) bee pollen, and identification of bioactive components

“…It was found that the enzymes produced by microorganisms could degrade the pollen wall. 10 It was also reported that supercritical CO 2 treatment was effective in breaking the wall of, and extracting functional oil from, rape bee pollen, while a combination of ultrasonication and high shear techniques was employed to disrupt the bee pollen wall and to release nutrients. 9,11 High-pressure processing brought about an increase in carotenoid and phenolic compounds and improvement in the in vitro antioxidant capacity of bee-pollen paste and bee-pollen-based beverage.…”

Bee Collected Pollen with Enhanced Health Benefits, Produced by Fermentation with a Kombucha Consortium

“…Various mechanical, chemical and biotechnological processes have been proposed to enhance the bioavailability of phytonutrients from bee collected pollen. A non-exhaustive list includes: high-shearing [ 8 ], thermal shocks, alone or combined with enzymatic treatment [ 5 ], wet milling [ 9 ], ultrasonication [ 10 ] combined with high-shearing [ 11 ] or enzymatic treatment [ 12 ], chemical extraction of polyphenols with supercritical fluid [ 13 ], fermentation [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”