Effects of feline herpesvirus type 1 on tear film break-up time, Schirmer tear test results, and conjunctival goblet cell density in experimentally infected cats

Lim, Christine C.; Reilly, Christopher M.; Thomasy, Sara M; Kass, Philip H.; Maggs, David J.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.70.3.394

Cited by 47 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, it has been asserted that low STT values in cats may result from stress-induced increased sympathetic tone causing a temporary reduction in tearing during testing. 19,20 However, although not quantified in the present study, it was our impression that cats that were anxious or more resistant to restraint had a relatively rapid wetting of the STT strip (and not a decrease), which would not support that speculation.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

“…6 Rapid TFBUT suggests an unstable tear film and has been reported for cats with conjunctivitis, [18][19][20] chronic nonhealing ulcers, 15 and corneal sequestra 15,16 as well as those previously infected with FHV-1. 19 In the present study, TFBUT (median, 12.4 seconds; 95% CR, 9.1 to 17.7 seconds) was shorter than TFBUTs reported in other studies 16,18,19,38 (mean, 13.5 to 21 seconds). This may be attributable to differences in the number of eyes tested, age range of cats tested, interexaminer variation (especially given the subjectivity of this assay), number of measurements made each time, the source and volume of fluorescein used, and method of application.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,21 Despite this, reference ranges for many of the tests commonly used to assess the human and canine tear film have not been established for healthy cats. As a result, it is likely that clinically important alterations in tear film health may be undiagnosed or underdiagnosed in cats.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is increasing evidence that quantitative and qualitative tear film deficiencies are an important cofactor or cause of some of the most common and frustrating ocular diseases of cats, such as KCS, 6,14 chronic nonhealing corneal ulceration, 15 corneal sequestration, [15][16][17] conjunctivitis, [18][19][20] and keratoconjunctivitis following feline herpesvirus-1 infection. 19,21 Despite this, reference ranges for many of the tests commonly used to assess the human and canine tear film have not been established for healthy cats.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of selected tear film tests in healthy cats

Sebbag

Kass

Maggs

2015

javma

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Objective—To determine reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1), phenol red thread test (PRTT), tear film breakup time (TFBUT), tear osmolarity, and meibometry in healthy cats. Design—Evaluation study. Animals—135 healthy domestic cats aged 0.5 to 12.8 years. Procedures—Each test was performed once in 120 cats and repeated in 40. Pearson correlation was used to assess correlation among tests. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were used to evaluate test-retest repeatability. Results—Median (95% central range) values were 18 mm/min (9 to 34 mm/min) for STT-1, 29 mm/15 s (15 to 37 mm/15 s) for PRTT, 12.4 seconds (9.1 to 17.7 seconds) for TFBUT, 322 mOsm/L (297 to 364 mOsm/L) for osmolarity, and 32 meibometry units (MU; 11 to 114 MU) for peak meibometry value. The STT-1 and PRTT values were positively correlated. Age was weakly associated with TFBUT and osmolarity. Meibometry measurements were higher for strips that contacted the tear film (285 MU) than for those that touched the eyelid margin only (32 MU). All ICCs were < 0.75, and 95% LOA were wide. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tear deficiency should be suspected in cats with STT-1 < 9 mm/min, PRTT < 15 mm/15 s, or TFBUT < 9 to 10 seconds. Generally poor correlation among tests suggested that thorough tear film analysis requires performance of multiple tests in concert. Relatively poor test-retest repeatability should be considered when repeated tests are used to monitor tear film dysfunction and response to treatment.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of selected tear film tests in healthy cats

Sebbag

Kass

Maggs

2015

javma

Self Cite

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“…While tear concentrations of penciclovir in cats treated with 40 mg/kg famciclovir PO three times daily are likely to be effective against FHV-1 ( Thomasy et al, 2012a), supplementary treatment with tear replacement products might be necessary due to alterations in the quality of tear film produced by reduced goblet cell density (Lim et al, 2009;Thomasy et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and antiviral effect of a single oral dose of famciclovir administered to cats at intake to a shelter

Litster

Lohr

Bukowy

et al. 2015

The Veterinary Journal

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A B S T R A C TAlthough famciclovir is efficacious in feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1)-infected cats, effects of a single dose early in disease course have not been reported. In this two part, randomized, masked, placebo controlled study, cats received a single dose of 125 mg famciclovir (n = 43) or placebo (n = 43; pilot study), or 500 mg famciclovir (n = 41) or placebo (n = 40; clinical trial) on entering a shelter. FHV-1 PCR testing was performed, bodyweight and food intake were recorded, and signs of respiratory disease were scored prior to and 7 days following treatment. FHV-1 DNA was detected in 40% of cats in both parts at study entry. In the pilot study, ocular and nasal discharge scores increased from days 1 to 7 in famciclovir and placebo treated cats. Sneezing scores increased and bodyweight decreased in famciclovir-treated cats. The proportion of cats in which FHV-1 DNA was detected increased over time in all cats in the pilot study. In the clinical trial, food intake and median clinical disease scores for nasal discharge and sneezing increased from days 1 to 7 in both groups and demeanor scores worsened in famciclovir-treated cats. The proportion of cats shedding FHV-1 DNA was greater on day 7 than on day 1 in cats receiving 500 mg famciclovir. A single dose of famciclovir (125 or 500 mg) administered at shelter intake was not efficacious in a feline population in which 40% were already shedding FHV-1.

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The third eyelid, nasolacrimal system, and precorneal tear film

Lim

2015

Small Animal Ophthalmic Atlas and Guide

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Effects of feline herpesvirus type 1 on tear film break-up time, Schirmer tear test results, and conjunctival goblet cell density in experimentally infected cats

Abstract: FHV-1 induced qualitative tear film abnormalities in experimentally infected cats, as measured by TFBUT and GCD. Assessment of TFBUT provided a reasonable clinical estimate of GCD.

Cited by 47 publications

References 22 publications

Reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of selected tear film tests in healthy cats

Reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of selected tear film tests in healthy cats

Clinical and antiviral effect of a single oral dose of famciclovir administered to cats at intake to a shelter

The third eyelid, nasolacrimal system, and precorneal tear film

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