Effects of Feeding Frequency and Feeding Level on Nutrient Utilization in Heavy Preruminant Calves

Borne, J.J.G.C. van den; Verstegen, M.W.A.; Alferink, S.J.J.; Giebels, R.M.M.; Gerrits, W.J.J.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72397-9

Cited by 45 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Lactose is highly digestible (Burt and Irvine, 1970;Coombe and Smith, 1974;Van den Borne et al, 2006), and in a typical MR, lactose accounts for 40% of the digestible energy available to the calf. However, the volatility of lactose prices stimulates MR producers to replace lactose by other sources, particularly starch or products originating from starch.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves

Gilbert

Borne

Berends

et al. 2015

Animal

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Calf milk replacers (MR) commonly contain 40% to 50% lactose. For economic reasons, starch is of interest as a lactose replacer. Compared with lactose, starch digestion is generally low in calves. It is, however, unknown which enzyme limits the rate of starch digestion. The objectives were to determine which enzyme limits starch digestion and to assess the maximum capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves. A within-animal titration study was performed, where lactose was exchanged stepwise for one of four starch products (SP). The four corn-based SP differed in size and branching, therefore requiring different ratios of starch-degrading enzymes for their complete hydrolysis to glucose: gelatinised starch (α-amylase and (iso)maltase); maltodextrin ((iso)maltase and α-amylase); maltodextrin with α-1,6-branching (isomaltase, maltase and α-amylase) and maltose (maltase). When exceeding the animal's capacity to enzymatically hydrolyse starch, fermentation occurs, leading to a reduced faecal dry matter (DM) content and pH. Forty calves (13 weeks of age) were assigned to either a lactose control diet or one of four titration strategies (n = 8 per treatment), each testing the stepwise exchange of lactose for one SP. Dietary inclusion of each SP was increased weekly by 3% at the expense of lactose and faecal samples were collected from the rectum weekly to determine DM content and pH. The increase in SP inclusion was stopped when faecal DM content dropped below 10.6% (i.e. 75% of the average initial faecal DM content) for 3 consecutive weeks. For control calves, faecal DM content and pH did not change over time. For 87% of the SP-fed calves, faecal DM and pH decreased already at low inclusion levels, and linear regression provided a better fit of the data (faecal DM content or pH v. time) than non-linear regression. For all SP treatments, faecal DM content and pH decreased in time (P < 0.001) and slopes for faecal DM content and pH in time differed from CON; P < 0.001 for all SP), but did not differ between SP treatments. Faecal DM content of SP-fed calves decreased by 0.57% and faecal pH by 0.32 per week. In conclusion, faecal DM content and pH sensitively respond to incremental inclusion of SP in calf MR, independently of SP characteristics. All SP require maltase to achieve complete hydrolysis to glucose. We therefore suggest that maltase activity limits starch digestion and that fermentation may contribute substantially to total tract starch disappearance in milk-fed calves.Keywords: milk-fed calf, starch digestion, starch fermentation, maltose, maltodextrin ImplicationsCalf milk replacers commonly contain 40% to 50% lactose. Lactose is expensive compared with starch, but digestibility is lower for starch than for lactose. It is currently unknown which enzyme is rate limiting for starch digestion. The current study suggests that maltase limits starch digestion in milk-fed calves, indicating that a major part of the starch will undergo fermentation rather than enzymatic hydrolysis. This leads to a lower faecal q...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves

Gilbert

Borne

Berends

et al. 2015

Animal

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“…However, the frequency of meals should be investigated based on animal needs and welfare. Effects of feeding frequencies on milk production and ruminal physiology have been investigated in dairy cows (Yang & Varga, 1989;Liboux & Peyraud, 1999;Shabi et al, 1999;Van den Borne et al, 2006). Keskin et al (2004) observed that Awassi lambs increased their feed intake when they were offered fresh feed even when there was feed in their feed troughs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was postulated that increased meal frequency with fresh feed would promote the appetite of lambs and have an influence on their finishing performance and carcass weights. In previous studies (Yang & Varga, 1989;Liboux & Peyraud, 1999;Shabi et al, 1999;Van den Borne et al, 2006) meal frequency referred to the frequency with which animals actually consume feed, not to the frequency with which animals were presented with fresh feed. The literature is inconclusive on the effect of feed refreshening on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of lambs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of feed refreshing frequency on growth and carcass characteristics of Awassi lambs

Keskin¹,

Gül²,

Şahi̇n³

et al. 2007

SA J. An. Sci.

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Sixty, two-month old male Awassi lambs were used in this study to investigate the effects of feed refreshing (FR) frequencies on their growth and carcass characteristics over a period of 65 days. Treatments were: Feed refreshing at 2 h (FR2), 4 h (FR4), 8 h (FR8), 12 h (FR12) and 24 h (FR24) intervals. The lambs were fed individually. At the onset of each refreshing period the lambs were offered fresh feed ad libitum. Daily feed intakes, weekly live weights and carcass characteristics were recorded. Daily feed intakes per lamb per treatment were: 1.13 kg, 1.05 kg, 1.00 kg, 0.98 kg and 0.95 kg; daily gains were 193.6 g, 180.6 g, 148.6 g, 169.3 g and 146.4 g; feed conversion ratios (kg feed/kg gain) were 6.1, 6.7, 7.2, 7.2 and 7.5; hot carcass weights were 13.0 kg, 13.1 kg, 12.1 kg, 13.3 kg and 13.1 kg; dressing percentages were 42.3%, 42.4%, 39.9%, 40.2% and 41.2%; the proportion of muscle in the carcass was 52.0%, 55.2%, 55.6%, 55.8% and 54.8%; bone ratio was 20.4%, 20.3%, 21.9%, 21.1% and 20.9%; subcutaneous fat ratio was 16.9%, 14.2%, 12.9%, 12.7% and 14.0% and intramuscular fat ratio was 8. 8%, 7.1%, 6.8%, 8.7% and 7.7% in FR2, FR4, FR8, FR12 and FR24 treatments, respectively. Results showed that frequent feed refreshing stimulated feed intake and daily gain without affecting carcass characteristics.

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“…In particular, fat deposition increased (Van den Borne et al, 2006a). It can be hypothesised that the higher energy expenditure of gastrointestinal tissues associated with big meals may explain the low fat deposition when calves are fed less frequently.…”

Section: Effect Of Nutrient Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses to nutrients in farm animals: implications for production and quality

Hocquette

Tesseraud

Cassar-Malek

et al. 2007

Animal

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It is well known that any quantitative (energy and protein levels) and qualitative (nature of the diet, nutrient dynamic) changes in the feeding of animals affect metabolism. Energy expenditure and feed efficiency at the whole-body level, nutrient partitioning between and within tissues and organs and, ultimately, tissue and organ characteristics are the major regulated traits with consequences on the quality of the meat and milk produced. Recent progress in biology has brought to light important biological mechanisms which explain these observations: for instance, regulation by the nutrients of gene expression or of key metabolic enzyme activity, interaction and sometimes cross-regulation or competition between nutrients to provide free energy (ATP) to living cells, indirect action of nutrients through a complex hormonal action, and, particularly in herbivores, interactions between trans-fatty acids produced in the rumen and tissue metabolism. One of the main targets of this nutritional regulation is a modification of tissue insulin sensitivity and hence of insulin action. In addition, the nutritional control of mitochondrial activity (and hence of nutrient catabolism) is another major mechanism by which nutrients may affect body composition and tissue characteristics. These regulations are of great importance in the most metabolically active tissues (the digestive tract and the liver) and may have undesirable (i.e. diabetes and obesity in humans) or desirable consequences (such as the production of fatty liver by ducks and geese, and the production of fatty and hence tasty meat or milk with an adapted fatty acid profile).

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Effects of Feeding Frequency and Feeding Level on Nutrient Utilization in Heavy Preruminant Calves

Cited by 45 publications

References 27 publications

A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves

A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves

Effects of feed refreshing frequency on growth and carcass characteristics of Awassi lambs

Responses to nutrients in farm animals: implications for production and quality

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