Effects of Fagonia indica on Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) in Young Adult Female Rats

Abstract

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a multidisciplinary endocrinopathy of reproductive-aged women that provokes insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, cardiovascular problems, obesity, and menstrual complications. The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of Fagonia indica in letrozole-induced PCOS young adult female rats. HPLC was carried out to find the phenolic and flavonoid content of the ethanolic extract of Fagonia indica. Twenty-five female rats were taken and initially divided into two groups: group I (control group) and group II (PCOS group). PCOS was induced by letrozole given orally by gavage. Body weight was recorded weekly and vaginal cytology was analyzed daily. After induction of disease, the PCOS group is further divided into four groups (n = 5): group II (positive control with PCOS), group III (metformin 20 mg/kg treated group), group IV (ethanolic extract of Fagonia indica 500 mg/kg treated group), and group V (metformin plus Fagonia extract). At the end of experimental period, the blood sample of each rat was collected and serum was separated by centrifugation. Afterwards hormonal analysis, lipid profile and liver functioning tests were performed. Ovaries were removed and preserved for histopathological findings while the liver of each rat was stored for the determination of antioxidant potential assessment. Fagonia indica was found to possess quercetin as one of the major flavonoid phytoconstituents. The plant extract exhibited its beneficial effects by restoring hormonal balance, lipid profile, and liver functioning markers. Treatment with F. indica reduced body weight, resolved ovarian cysts, and showed positive effects on follicular growth. Treatment with plant also increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes. This study validates the potential of Fagonia indica for the amelioration of metabolic, as well as, hormonal disturbances that occurred in PCOS.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Disorder of Reproductive Age, Its Pathogenesis, and a Discussion on the Emerging Role of Herbal Remedies

“…Moreover, obese women were treated with Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. and Fagonia indica Burm f ( Younas et al, 2022 ) to alleviate oligo/amenorrhea and other PCOS-related symptoms, and green tea consumption improves the associated symptoms of PCOS, such as obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperandrogenemia. PCOS is a complex heterogeneous metabolic disorder that requires long-term management, and treatment with allopathic drugs of choice can be very costly with a large number of associated adverse effects.…”

Dose Dependent Effects of Breynia cernua Against the Paraquat Induced Parkinsonism like Symptoms in Animals’ Model: In Vitro, In Vivo and Mechanistic Studies

“…To construct the standard curve, Gallic acid is used. Total phenolic content was measured as GAE (Gallic acid equivalent), results are expressed in mg/kg of extract 13 …”

“…To construct the standard curve, Gallic acid is used. Total phenolic content was measured as GAE (Gallic acid equivalent), results are expressed in mg/kg of extract 13 Total phenolics ¼ Gallic acid equivalent × extract volume sample ðgÞ Total flavonoid content. Total flavonoid content was measured by using quercetin as standard (standard curve at 10-130 ppm).…”

“…With the advancement of research on more scientific grounds and progress in naturopathy, there is increased use of natural products from organic origin. [11][12][13][14][15] Breynia species are primarily distributed in Vietnam, Australia, Malaysia and some areas of India. 16 The majority of Phyllanthaceae family plants are shrubs, herbs or trees, few of them are climbers and one species is aquatic.…”

Pharmacological Investigation ofAsphodelus tenuifoliusCav.for its Potential Against Thrombosis in Experimental Models

“…Filtrate was subjected to rotary evaporator (Heidolph Laborota 4000 efficient, Germany) under reduced pressure at 50°C. 13 , 14 The thick viscous paste was dried at 40°C in hot air oven. The crude extract (At.Cr) prepared was labeled after weighing (percent yield, 9.15%) and stored in freezer below 0°C for future use.…”