Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on fertility of adult male and female rats

Al-Akhras, M-Ali H.; Elbetieha, Ahmed; Hasan, Mohammed Khair; Al‐Omari, I. A.; Darmani, Homa; Albiss, B. A.

doi:10.1002/bem.59

Cited by 77 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Previous studies using mice and rats have shown that exposure to magnetic ®elds results in fetal malformations [Tribukait et al, 1986;Chiang et al, 1995], minor skeletal malformations [Huuskonen et al, 1993;Mevissen et al, 1994] and an increase in placental resorptions [Fro Èlen et al, 1993;Juutilainen et al, 1997]. Recently, we have demonstrated that exposure of male and female Sprague±Dawley rats to 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic ®eld for 90 consecutive days reduced their fertility [Al-Akhras et al, 2001]. The number of resorptions was increased in females impregnated by males exposed to the 50 Hz ®eld.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Long‐term exposure of male and female mice to 50 Hz magnetic field: Effects on fertility

Elbetieha

Al-Akhras

Darmani

2002

Bioelectromagnetics

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The effect of an extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field on the fertility of adult male and female Swiss mice was investigated. Adult male and female mice were exposed to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field at approximately 25 microT (rms) for 90 days before they were mated with unexposed counterparts. There were no exposure related effects on the fertility of male or female mice. The number of implantation sites, viable fetuses, and the total number of resorptions were not significantly affected in females impregnated by males exposed to the 50 Hz magnetic field as compared with the control group. The number of implantation sites, viable fetuses and the total number of resorptions in exposed females were also not statistically different from the control group. There were no significant effects on the weights of the testes, seminal vesicles, preputial gland or body weights of males exposed to 50 Hz magnetic field. Furthermore, body and uterine weights were not affected in females exposed to 50 Hz field; however, ovarian weight was significantly increased in females exposed to the same field. These results suggest that exposure of male and female mice to low frequency magnetic field had no adverse effects on fertility and reproduction in mice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Long‐term exposure of male and female mice to 50 Hz magnetic field: Effects on fertility

Elbetieha

Al-Akhras

Darmani

2002

Bioelectromagnetics

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“…All of the electronic equipment that we use in our daily life, without thinking how much we use or how often we use it create EMF (Ongel et al 2009) There are reports that EMF could be dangerous because it might negatively affect electrical properties of membrane proteins, transmembrane signaling. EMF might also have adverse effects on the generation of free radicals, tumor development, and fertility (Abd El Rahman et al 2014;Al-Akhras et al 2001;Koana et al 1997). In recent years experimental studies have increased in the assessment of the effects of EMF on human health (Harakawa et al 2005;Khaki et al 2008;Ozguner et al 2002;Zare et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of electromagnetic field on testes and semen characteristicsin male New Zealand white RabbIts

Gülay

Yildiz-Gulay

Ata

et al. 2016

IJAR

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The main objective of the current study was to understand the effect of EMF on testes and semen characteristics in male New Zealand White rabbits under ecological conditions. Rabbits were assigned randomly to 2 treatment groups of 8; EMF and control groups were housed 6 m under high voltage power lines (380 kV) and 500 m away from the power lines for 7 weeks, respectively. Following EMF exposure, blood was withdrawn from all rabbits and 4 rabbits per treatment were euthanized. Remaining rabbits were kept in normal laboratory condition for another 7 weeks for recovery. Decrease in the plasma testosterone concentrations, paired testes, epididimides and the accessory sex gland weights and seminiferous tubule diameters were noted in EMF group. Although ejaculate volume, pH, seminal plasma protein levels and libido were not affected by EMF, the percent sperm head/tail defects, percent progressive motility and sperm concentrations were lower in EMF group. The depression on semen quality was transient and returned to normal by week 7 of recovery period. Therefore, exposure of male animals to EMF may have reversible adverse effect on the reproductive performance.

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“…Exposure to ELF-EMF does not significantly affect implantation and development of a fetus in animal studies. However, it may cause fetus death, congenital anomaly, minor skeletal anomalies and a decrease in the number of female rats impregnated by exposed males [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endonuclease G is Upregulated and Required in Testicular Germ Cell Apoptosis after Exposure to 60 Hz at 200 μT

Park¹,

Kim²,

Kim³

et al. 2015

Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science

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Several reports supported that continuous exposure to 60 Hz magnetic field (MF) induces testicular germ cell apoptosis in vivo. We recently evaluated duration-and dose-dependent effects of continuous exposure to a 60 Hz MF on the testes in mice. BALB/c male mice were exposed to a 60 Hz MF at 100 μT for 24 hours a day for 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks, and at 2, 20 or 200 μT for 24 hours a day for 8 weeks.To induce the apoptosis of testicular germ cell in mice, the minimum dose is 20 μT at continuous exposure to a 60 Hz MF for 8 weeks, and the minimum duration is 6 weeks at continuous exposure of 100 μT. Continuous exposure to a 60 Hz MF might affect duration-and dose-dependent biological processes including apoptotic cell death and spermatogenesis in the male reproductive system of mice. The safety guideline of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) indicates that the permissible maximum magnetic flux density for general public exposure is 200 μT at 60 Hz EMF (ICNIRP Guidelines, 2010). In the present study, we aimed to examine the expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic genes regulated by the continuous exposure to 60 Hz at 200 μT in Sprague-Dawley rats for 20 weeks. The continuous exposure to 60 Hz at 200 μT does not affect the body and testicular weight in rats. However, exposure to 60 Hz MF significantly affects testicular germ cell apoptosis and sperm count. Further, the apoptosis-related gene was scrutinized after exposure to 60 Hz at 200 μT for 20 weeks. We found that the message level of endonuclease G (EndoG) was greatly increased following the exposure to 60 Hz at 200 μT compared with sham control. These data suggested that 60 Hz magnetic field induced testicular germ cell apoptosis through mitochondrial protein Endo G.Key Words: 60 Hz Magnetic Field, Apoptosis, Endonuclease G, Reproductive Function, Testicular Germ Cell. Manuscript received May 11, 2015 ; Revised June 25, 2015 ; Accepted July 7, 2015. (ID No. 20150511-026J) This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ⓒ

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Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on fertility of adult male and female rats

Cited by 77 publications

References 21 publications

Long‐term exposure of male and female mice to 50 Hz magnetic field: Effects on fertility

Long‐term exposure of male and female mice to 50 Hz magnetic field: Effects on fertility

Effects of electromagnetic field on testes and semen characteristicsin male New Zealand white RabbIts

Endonuclease G is Upregulated and Required in Testicular Germ Cell Apoptosis after Exposure to 60 Hz at 200 μT

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