Effects of extraversion and neuroticism on experimental pain, clinical pain, and illness behavior

Harkins, Stephen W.; Price, Donald D.; Braith, J. A.

doi:10.1016/0304-3959(89)90025-0

Cited by 176 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…We did not find any significant correlations between neuroticism and pain reports in this study. Previous studies suggest that pain unpleasantness measures, but not pain intensity, are influenced by neuroticism (35,36). Hence, if we had asked for affective pain ratings (in addition to pain intensity ratings), we may have found a link between our results and trait neuroticism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness

Jensen

Kirsch

Odmalm

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

115

118

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Pain reduction and enhancement can be produced by means of conditioning procedures, yet the role of awareness during the acquisition stage of classical conditioning is unknown. We used psychophysical measures to establish whether conditioned analgesic and hyperalgesic responses could be acquired by unseen (subliminally presented) stimuli. A 2 × 2 factorial design, including subliminal/supraliminal exposures of conditioning stimuli (CS) during acquisition/extinction, was used. Results showed significant analgesic and hyperalgesic responses (P < 0.001), and responses were independent of CS awareness, as subliminal/supraliminal cues during acquisition/extinction led to comparable outcomes. The effect was significantly larger for hyperalgesic than analgesic responses (P < 0.001). Results demonstrate that conscious awareness of the CS is not required during either acquisition or extinction of conditioned analgesia or hyperalgesia. Our results support the notion that nonconscious stimuli have a pervasive effect on human brain function and behavior and may affect learning of complex cognitive processes such as psychologically mediated analgesic and hyperalgesic responses.classical conditioning | awareness | consciousness | placebo | nocebo I t has been well established that pain can be altered by associative learning procedures (1-3). In the present study, we sought to establish whether conditioned analgesic and hyperalgesic responses could be acquired by unseen (subliminally presented) stimuli.The human brain can process sensory stimuli outside of conscious awareness (4), but it is not clear to what extent learning can take place when we are not aware of the associations being made. On one hand, associative learning with subliminally presented stimuli has been demonstrated [e.g., by Degonda and colleagues (5)]; on the other hand, a sizeable literature indicates that pain conditioning is mediated by conscious expectations (6-10). Studies of fear learning in humans suggest that emotional contingencies can be acquired nonconsciously, as demonstrated by conditioned changes in autonomic and motor responses (11)(12)(13)(14). In addition to evidence for conditioning of low-level physiological responses, a recent literature challenges the idea that nonconscious processing stops at an early perceptual level (4), suggesting that higher-order cognitive representations, such as meaning and goal pursuits, can be acquired nonconsciously (15). Moreover, findings from neuroimaging studies show that nonconscious stimuli have extensive representations in the human brain, activating a large number of cortical areas (16-18) at frequency bands previously seen as markers of conscious awareness (19). Taken together, these results suggest that nonconscious stimuli have a pervasive effect on human brain function and behavior and may affect learning of complex cognitive processes such as psychologically mediated pain responses.In a previous study, we found that consciously conditioned analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses could be activate...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness

Jensen

Kirsch

Odmalm

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

115

118

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The MDP incorporates standard measuring techniques of rating scales and descriptor selection and is patterned after a validated multidimensional pain instrument (12,13) and previous work on the quality of dyspnea sensation (14)(15)(16)(17). This instrument is designed to measure sensory intensity (SI), immediate unpleasantness (A 1 ), sensory quality (SQ), and emotional response (A 2 ).…”

Section: Measurement Of Dyspneamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Affective Dimension of Laboratory Dyspnea

Banzett

Pedersen²,

Schwartzstein³

et al. 2008

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

210

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“…Extraversion and introversion affect how a patient perceives and reports symptoms to healthcare professionals. [21][22][23] Cosmesis evaluates the person's view of how the correction affects his/her attractiveness. 24 The IER QOL Scale has the following subscales:…”

Section: Assessment Toolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-operative quality of life and psychological factors that influence patient decision making in LASIK

Jara¹,

Erickson²,

Erickson³

et al. 2009

Eye

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Purpose To assess pre-operative visual function, psychological factors, personality traits and satisfaction in myopic patients seeking laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods Eligible patients seeking LASIK (n ¼ 183) and successful contact lens wearers (n ¼ 23) not interested in LASIK completed the Institute for Eye Research Quality of Life (QOL) Scale. Of the 183 patients seeking LASIK who completed the QOL instrument before LASIK, 30 declined the procedure and 153 underwent LASIK. One hundred and two patients who underwent LASIK attended their 3-month post-operative follow-up appointment and 51 patients failed to present for their post-operative follow-up appointment. Multiple comparisons (One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)) were conducted to determine differences in visual function, psychological factors, personality traits and satisfaction between patient groups. Results Successful soft contact lens (SCL) wearers reported better functional vision (P ¼ 0.001), felt more attractive (P ¼ 0.007), had a lower frequency of disturbing visual and ocular symptoms (P ¼ 0.027) and higher overall satisfaction with their current optical correction (Po0.001) than patients seeking LASIK. LASIK patients lost to follow-up showed higher self-efficacy, adaptability and well-being than the patients who completed their appointments and those who declined surgery (Po0.05). Conclusions Psychological characteristics, the perception of visual and ocular symptoms and satisfaction with the current method of optical correction play an important role in the decision to undergo LASIK. The IER QOL Scale is a valid and reliable instrument able to discriminate between different groups seeking choices for myopic correction. Psychological factors may influence the level of satisfaction with LASIK.

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Effects of extraversion and neuroticism on experimental pain, clinical pain, and illness behavior

Cited by 176 publications

References 22 publications

Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness

Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness

The Affective Dimension of Laboratory Dyspnea

Pre-operative quality of life and psychological factors that influence patient decision making in LASIK

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