Effects of exopolysaccharides from Antrodia cinnamomea on inflammation and intestinal microbiota disturbance induced by antibiotics in mice

An Exopolysaccharide from Genistein-Stimulated Monascus Purpureus: Structural Characterization and Protective Effects against DSS-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury Associated with the Gut Microbiota-Modulated Short-Chain Fatty Acid-TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB Cascade Response

“…The primary functional groups and chemical bonds of the purified G-EMP were investigated by using FT-IR spectroscopy. The spectrum presented identical absorption peaks of the polysaccharides (Figure B) . The peaks at 3481.63, 2911.89, and 1631.09 cm –1 were assigned to the O–H, C–H, and CO stretching oscillations, respectively.…”

“…The spectrum presented identical absorption peaks of the polysaccharides (Figure 2B). 12 The peaks at 3481.63, 2911.89, and 1631.09 cm −1 were assigned to the O−H, C−H, and C� O stretching oscillations, respectively. Notably, no distinguishable peak was observed at 1745 cm −1 , demonstrating the absence of significant amounts of uronic acid in the G-EMP.…”

“…As previously described, the Mw and homogeneities of purified G-EMP was estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography (Agilent 1260) with a column (7.8 mm × 300 mm). 12 The compositional analysis of purified G-EMP was performed by Dionex ICS-2500 with a CarboPACTM PA10 column (2 mm × 250 mm). 13 Detailed operating procedures were provided in the Supporting Information, Section S1.…”

“…11 In addition, EPS from Antrodia cinnamomea appear to regulate the compositions and balances of gut microflora in mice by increasing the relative abundances of some probiotic bacteria (e.g., Ligilactobacillus and Lactobacillus) and decreasing the relative abundances of some harmful microorganisms (e.g., Shigella and Enterococcus). 12 A previous study by our group demonstrated that the addition of the exogenous substance genistein to Monascus purpureus, which is a long-established medical and edible fungus, could promote the secretion of one EPS, namely G-EMP (genistein-stimulated Monascus purpureus). 13 Although G-EMP exhibits excellent immune-modulatory properties in vitro through membrane TLR-4 activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways without toxicity, 13,14 its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory features in relation to ulcerative colitis are unknown.…”

“…Recently, a dietary approach focused on the utilization of natural substances from a variety of food sources, such as exopolysaccharide (EPS), has been recognized as a promising approach for the prevention of IBD. ,, EPS from Lactobacillus plantarum was found to facilitate intestinal endohomeostasis by regulating the growth and differentiations of intestinal stem cells and by changing the characteristics of the intestinal microbiota . In addition, EPS from Antrodia cinnamomea appear to regulate the compositions and balances of gut microflora in mice by increasing the relative abundances of some probiotic bacteria (e.g., Ligilactobacillus and Lactobacillus ) and decreasing the relative abundances of some harmful microorganisms (e.g., Shigella and Enterococcus ) . A previous study by our group demonstrated that the addition of the exogenous substance genistein to Monascus purpureus, which is a long-established medical and edible fungus, could promote the secretion of one EPS, namely G-EMP (genistein-stimulated Monascus purpureus) .…”