Effects of exercise on the diameter of collagen fibrils in the central core and periphery of the superficial digital flexor tendon in foals

Cherdchutham, W.; Ck, Becker; Er, Spek; Wf, Voorhout; Pr, van Weeren

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1563

Cited by 46 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It is thought that biomechanical properties of the equine SDFT are established by the age of two years and are maintained for life [12]. Furthermore, it appears that the number of small collagen fibrils in the tendon increases with advance of age and increase in exercise [2,8,18,20]. However, different regions of the equine SDFT after maturation were not examined in those studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Cherdchutham et al [8] reported that modal changes of collagen fibril diameter distribution in SDFTs of foals aged 2-11 months occur uniformly without regional preferences. It is thought that biomechanical properties of the equine SDFT are established by the age of two years and are maintained for life [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tissue samples were examined under a transmission electron microscope (TEM: JEM-1220; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at an acceleration voltage of 80 kV. Collagen-to-noncollagen ratio in the extracellular matrix was characterized by the collagen fibril index (CFI) [8]. The total area for measuring CFI was 4 µm 2 in one sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of the Collagen Fibril Diameter in the Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon in Horses by Decorin

Watanabe

Hosaka

Yamamoto

et al. 2005

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The distribution pattern of collagen fibril diameter in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is known to differ in central and peripheral areas of some regions. This study reports the essence of collagen fibril differences among different regions of the equine SDFT by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) and high-voltage electron microscopic observations and biochemical analysis. The distribution of large collagen fibrils increased but the density of collagen fibrils decreased from the proximal metacarpal region to the distal metacarpal region. Large collagen fibrils with an irregular cross-sectional profile were found more frequently in the middle metacarpal region than in other regions. Three-dimensional reconstruction of images of irregularly shaped collagen fibrils revealed that these fibrils are formed through fusion of small collagen fibrils with large ones. The amount of decorin, which reportedly inhibits the lateral fusion of collagen fibrils, decreased in the direction of the distal metacarpal region. On the other hand, the size of decorin gradually increased in the direction of the distal metacarpal region. These results suggest that regional differences in collagen fibril distribution and density of collagen fibrils in the SDFT are due, at least in part, to fusion of collagen fibrils and the concomitant regional differences in the amount and size of decorin. KEY WORDS: assembly, collagen, decorin, equine, superficial digital flexor tendon.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of the Collagen Fibril Diameter in the Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon in Horses by Decorin

Watanabe

Hosaka

Yamamoto

et al. 2005

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…MAD provides the information on the tensile strength of a tissue not represented by a mean collagen fibril diameter [11,19]. CFI is the percentage of area covered by collagen and represents the collagen-to-noncollagen ratio in the ECM [6].…”

Section: Collagen Peptide (Cop)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Collagen Oligopeptide Injection on Rabbit Tenositis

Meguri

Minaguchi

Watanabe

et al. 2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Effects of the collagen oligopeptide (COP) were examined by its repeat injection into the inflammatory rabbit Achilles tendon (Tendo calcaneus communis), in which tenositis was induced by injection of bacterial collagenase. COP was evaluated 5 times over a period of 3 weeks to 1 month after injection of collagenase. At 1 month after treatment, the therapeutic effect of COP was evaluated by examining the structure of collagen fibrils, amount and components of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and compared with the saline injection, control, and normal groups. The Achilles tendon of rabbit in the control group (no COP injection) and saline injection group showed a notable increase in the number of fine collagen fibrils, a change in GAG composition and increase in the amount of pro-MMP-2, indicating the weakening of the tendon. In contrast, the size distribution of collagen fibrils, GAG composition and the amount of pro-MMP-2 was similar to those in the normal group. These results suggest that COP injection promotes healing processes of the tendon injury. KEY WORDS: collagen fibril, collagen oligopeptide, electron microscopy, glycosaminoglycans, rabbit tendon.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70(12): 1295-1300, 2008 The basic function of a tendon is to convey the force exerted by a muscle to the bone. The mechanical load is not transmitted directly to the bone because tendon is a highly flexible connective tissue. This connective tissue is composed of two components: tendon cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) that consists of collagen and proteoglycans [1,21]. Collagen in a tendon is composed of mainly type I collagen and is arranged into bundles of collagen fibrils that are further organized into tendon fascicles [22]. Proteoglycan has its core protein covalently bound to glycosaminoglycan (GAG). GAG is a non-branched polysaccharide consisting of repeated units of amino acids and uronic acids. GAGs in ECM exist as proteoglycans except for hyaluronic acid (HA) that exists as a free GAG. Proteoglycans are classified into chondroitin sulphate (CS), dermatan sulphate (DS), heparan sulphate (HS), heparin or keratan sulphate according to their uronic acid subunit [3]. Decorin is the most abundant DS proteoglycan in tendon, and is reportedly involved in both the formation of collagen fibrils and adjustment of collagen fibril diameter [37]. However, its role in the turnover of tendon ECM has not yet been elucidated [16].Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) is an enzyme that has zinc ion in its active core and requires calcium ion for maintenance of the activity. More than 20 types of MMP have been reported so far, and they play an important role in the turnover of tendon ECM [7,34]. MMPs are divided into the following types: collagenase (MMP-1, -8, -13), gelatinase (MMP-2, -9), stromelysin (MMP-3, -10), membrane , and others (including MMP-7, -11, -12) according to their biochemical properties [4]. However, how these MMPs are involved in the turnover of tendon ECM remains unclear.Inflammation of a tendo...

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“…3). There were also differences in collagen fibril diameter distribution (Cherdchutham et al 2001b) and biochemical composition (Cherdchutham et al 1999) between these groups of foals with higher cellularity and higher levels of polysulphated glycosaminoglycans (PSGAG) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in the pastured animals compared to the box-rested foals. Interestingly, in the foals that originated from the exercise groups and were joined in a single group to be euthanased at 11 months the differences in the abovementioned biochemical parameters between foals that had been box-rested respectively pastured during the first 5 months had disappeared.…”

Section: Tendonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential role of training programmesin reducing injuries

Weeren¹

2011

PHK

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SummaryHorses have always been used because of the huge potential of their musculoskeletal system and associated locomotor performance. Consequently, disorders of the musculoskeletal system rank first in causes of wastage. Within these musculoskeletal disorders problems related to articular cartilage and (flexor) tendons are of special importance, because of the notorious bad healing capacity of these tissues in mature individuals. There is increasing evidence for an important role of exercise in the juvenile phase in the conditioning of tissues and hence physical capacities and injury resistance of the horse (as in humans), including articular cartilage and (to a lesser extent) tendons. It is likely, therefore, that husbandry systems that limit the possibility to exercise at young age are detrimental for the development of a strong, injury-resistant musculoskeletal system whereas promoting physical exercise at young age can be expected to have a protective effect and hence may be an effective way to prevent musculoskeletal injury later in life.

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Effects of exercise on the diameter of collagen fibrils in the central core and periphery of the superficial digital flexor tendon in foals

Abstract: Collagen fibril restructuring in the SDFT of foals is in part an exercise-driven process. Withholding exercise may cause a delay in fibril development that can be partially overcome by increasing exercise at a later age. Exercise type may also affect remodeling of the SDFT in foals.

Cited by 46 publications

References 27 publications

Control of the Collagen Fibril Diameter in the Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon in Horses by Decorin

Control of the Collagen Fibril Diameter in the Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon in Horses by Decorin

Effect of Collagen Oligopeptide Injection on Rabbit Tenositis

The potential role of training programmesin reducing injuries

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