Effects of exercise and restrained eating behaviour on appetite control

Abstract

Obesity is a global epidemic; increased consumption of energy-dense food and reduced physical activity levels are likely to be the main drivers. Previous cross-sectional research has shown that sedentary males, unlike their active counterparts, are unable to compensate for previous energy intake (EI). Using a longitudinal design a 6-week exercise intervention was found to improve short-term appetite control, leading to a more 'sensitive' eating behaviour in response to previous EI, both acutely at a test meal and for the next 24 h. Although the mechanisms whereby acute and chronic exercise improves short-term appetite remain unknown, post-ingestive satiety peptides are likely to be involved. Acute exercise was found to increase postprandial levels of polypeptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 and pancreatic polypeptide but to have no impact on ghrelin, suggesting that exercise can trigger physiological changes in satiety hormone secretion that could help in appetite control and weight maintenance. In the context of an increased availability of highly-palatable food, dietary restraint may be increasingly important. Although restraint has been associated with abnormal eating behaviour, in the laboratory no counter-regulation was found in restrained eaters when presented with a buffet meal 60 min after a high-energy preload or when a pasta-meal was presented 3 h after preloading. Although restraint was not found to impact on polypeptide YY or TAG, lower postprandial glucose and insulin plasma levels were observed in restrained eaters, together with increased feelings of fullness. In conclusion, short-term appetite control seems to be favourably modified by exercise, while the impact of restraint on appetite seems to be more complex.

Breaking up prolonged sitting time with walking does not affect appetite or gut hormone concentrations but does induce an energy deficit and suppresses postprandial glycaemia in sedentary adults

“…The majority of studies that have predominantly utilised ad libitum buffet meals to examine postexercise energy intake have reported that an acute exercise bout does not alter postexercise energy intake (Martins et al 2008). However, when completing research of this nature it is important to consider REI (energy intake minus the net energy expenditure of activity) (Imbeault et al 1997;King et al 2010).…”

Influence of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger, circulating levels of acylated ghrelin, and peptide YY in healthy males

“…Alternatively, the lack of gut upheaval and/or a lower perception of stress during weight lifting compared with hard continuous running may be an explanation. A limitation of the present study was that total PYY was measured rather than PYY 3-36. The majority of studies examining circulating PYY have reported total PYY levels using assays which detect both the PYY and PYY (5,34,35,37,38). Currently, there is only one assay that is specific for PYY form, and this requires the addition dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) inhibitor to the blood.…”

“…Several studies have demonstrated increases in fasting and postprandial levels of the satiety hormone pancreatic polypeptide (PP) after aerobic exercise (38), but there is a paucity of data on peptide YY (PYY). There are two main circulating forms of PYY, PYY and PYY (11); both have been shown to reduce food intake when administered peripherally (13); however, PYY is more potent than PYY .…”

Myokines in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

“…Moreover, IL-6 promotes glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion and production in intestinal L cells and pancreatic alpha cells, thereby leading to improved beta cell insulin secretion and glucose tolerance [52]. These data could explain the increase in GLP-1 plasma levels during exercise [52][53][54], which may be mediated by skeletal musclederived IL-6. Since the effect of GLP-1 on insulin secretion is glucose dependent, IL-6-induced GLP-1 release will not acutely affect insulin secretion in healthy individuals during exercise, but, rather, promote insulin secretion during a postexercise meal [52].…”