Effects of Excess Vitamin D 3 and Cage Density on the Incidence of Leg Abnormalities in Broiler Chickens

Jj, Cruickshank; Js, Sim

doi:10.2307/1590881

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Increasing the levels of CC up to 2,400 ICU/kg diet reduced (p<0.05) the incidence of leg abnormality and increased body weight gain similar to those fed the highest levels of Ca, NPP and CC (0.6%, 0.3% and 3.600 ICU CC/kg diet, respectively). On the contrary, Cruickshank and Sim (1987) and Lofton and Soares (1986) reported higher incidence of leg abnormality at higher levels of CC (800 to 4,000 ICU/kg) in diets containing recommended levels of Ca and P. Lack of such ill effects at higher levels of CC used in the present study on leg abnormality may be due to the sub-optimal levels of Ca and NPP used in the present study. At optimal levels of Ca and NPP (1.0 and 0.45%, respectively), the surfeit levels of CC in diet might have exerted toxic effects through hypercalcemia and hyper phosphatemia.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Growth, Bone Mineralization and Mineral Excretion in Broiler Starter Chicks Fed Varied Concentrations of Cholecalciferol

Rao¹,

Raju²,

Sunder³

et al. 2006

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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An experiment was conducted to study the growth performance, bone mineralization and mineral excretion in broiler starter chicks fed high levels of cholecalciferol (CC) at sub-optimal levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Five hundred and sixty day-old Vencobb female broiler chicks were housed in raised wire floor stainless steel battery brooder pens (24"×30"×18") at the rate of five chicks per pen. A maize-soyabean meal basal diet was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, oyster shell powder and synthetic CC to arrive at two levels each of Ca (0.50 and 0.60%), and NPP (0.25 and 0.30%) and four levels of CC (200, 1,200, 2,400 and 3,600 ICU/kg) in a 2×2×4 factorial design. Each diet was fed ad libitum to chicks in 7 pens from 2 to 21days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake and bone weight increased (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC at both the Ca and NPP levels tested. The CC levels required to obtain significant improvement in body weight gain and feed intake reduced (2,400 ICU/kg vs. 1,200 ICU/kg) with increase in levels of P in diet (0.25% vs. 0.3%, respectively). The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC from 200 to 1,200 ICU/kg diet at 0.5% Ca, while at 0.6% Ca, the level of CC in diet did not influence the feed efficiency. Tibia mineralization (density, breaking strength and ash content) and Ca and P contents in serum increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in levels of CC in diet. The CC effect on these parameters was more pronounced at lower levels of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). The data on body weight gain and feed intake indicated that NPP level in diet can be reduced from 0.30 to 0.25% by increasing CC from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg. Similarly, the bone mineralization (tibia weight, density and ash content) increased non-linearly (p<0.01) with increase in CC levels in diet. Concentrations of P and Mn in excreta decreased (p<0.01), by increasing CC level from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg diet. It can be concluded that dietary levels of Ca and NPP could be reduced to 0.50 and 0.25%, respectively by enhancing the levels of cholecalciferol from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg with out affecting body weight gain, feed efficiency and bone mineralization. Additionally, phosphorus and manganese excretion decreased with increase in levels of CC in broiler diet.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Growth, Bone Mineralization and Mineral Excretion in Broiler Starter Chicks Fed Varied Concentrations of Cholecalciferol

Rao¹,

Raju²,

Sunder³

et al. 2006

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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“…In the modern broiler industry, the diet often contains 3 to 10 times the National Research Council (1984) requirement of D3 (Edwards, 1992). These levels have actually been shown to cause increases in the incidence of VVD (Cruickshank & Sim, 1987) and in TD (Lofton & Soares, 1986).…”

Section: Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Aetiology and Pathology of Leg Weakness in Broilers in Relation to Welfare

Bradshaw¹,

Kirkden²,

Broom³

2002

Avian & Poul. Biolog. Rev.

265

213

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Leg disorders in broilers are a major economic and welfare problem. The aetiology of many disorders is complex but includes genetics, growth rate (due to feed restriction or lighting regime), feed conversion efficiency and body conformation, exercise, circadian rhythms, nutrition and stocking density. These categories are not mutually exclusive as one aetiological factor may affect another. Many studies of leg disorders fail to identify the specific pathological condition underlying the observed lameness. However, disorders may be classified according to underlying pathology as infectious, developmental and degenerative. This classification is difficult because these categories are not mutually exclusive. Infectious conditions include bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO or femoral head necrosis, FHN), tenosynovitis and arthritis, infectious stunting syndrome (ISS) and viral induced neoplasia. Developmental conditions include varus valgus disease (VVD), rotated tibia, tibial dyschondroplasia (TD), rickets, chondrodystrophy and spondylolisthesis. Degenerative disorders include osteochondrosis (often TD), epiphyseolosis (often classified as FHN), degenerative joint disease (DJD), spontaneous rupture of the gastrocnemius tendon and contact dermatitis. BCO, TD, dermatitis and VVD are the most common disorders. Outbreaks of leg disorders are often site / context specific. The welfare of broilers with leg disorders may be impaired due to pain from the condition, an inability to walk leading to frustration and associated problems of being unable to feed and drink due to immobility (which may result in starvation). In assessing welfare, the individual broiler must be considered irrespective of the frequency of occurrence of the disorder. Most studies of welfare in relation to leg disorders have used a subjective gait scoring method (0 is normal walking and 5 is unable to walk). Gait scoring is a practical method for assessing broiler lameness in the field. The method provides a useful tool to employ in the field without recourse to pathological investigation and, while the method conflates conformity with pathology, it is a helpful and constructive additional method to assist in welfare studies. For birds with scores greater than 3, lameness may be viewed as severe enough to potentially impair welfare. It is difficult to assess all disorders in relation to frequency of occurrence and their impact on welfare due lack of evidence. BCO (or FHN and BCN) is the most common disorder and is often severe in form. TD (incl. epiphyseolysis) and rickets is common, often sub-clinical but when severe is a considerable impact on welfare. Contact dermatitis may be common under certain conditions and causes poor welfare when severe. Gastrocnemius tendon slippage, tenosynovitis, DJD and spondylolisthesis are not so common but are likely to cause poor welfare when they occur (i.e. pain and prevention of certain behaviours). VVD and rotated tibia can be common but tend not to be directly painful unless another condition is pre...

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“…In fact, it is possible to commercially produce eggs containing about 40 to 50% RDA in this vitamin (7). However, as with vitamin A, an excess of vitamin D in the hens' diet could be toxic for the bird (8,9). Very high Se doses in the form of sodium selenite could also be detrimental for chicken health and therefore there are legal limits on amounts of Se which can be included into poultry diets.…”

Section: Designer Eggs As a Way To Improve Human Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Enrichment of Eggs With PUFAs and Antioxidants

Surai¹,

Papazyan

Sparks³

et al. 2008

Wild-Type Food in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

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The recent data indicate that a designer egg enriched in vitamin E, lutein, DHA, and Se can be not only a good nutritional product but also a good vector for the delivery of four essential nutrients vital for human health. A crucial feature of these designer eggs is the synergistic combination of n-3 fatty acids with major antioxidants, vitamin E, lutein and Se, as an important approach to the improvement of the human diet. These eggs will not be able to replace vegetable and fruits as a major source of natural antioxidants and fish products as a source of DHA but can substantially improve the diet, especially in countries like Scotland, significantly contributing to the recommended daily intake of vitamin E, lutein, DHA, and Se. Commercially, it is possible to produce designer eggs enriched with four nutrients or with three, two or one nutrient(s) depending on the consumer demand. As a result, price for the production of such eggs could substantially vary. Therefore the way of egg to the functional food category started successfully and now it is consumer education which is needed to fulfill the idea of using eggs as functional food.

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Effects of Excess Vitamin D 3 and Cage Density on the Incidence of Leg Abnormalities in Broiler Chickens

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

Growth, Bone Mineralization and Mineral Excretion in Broiler Starter Chicks Fed Varied Concentrations of Cholecalciferol

Growth, Bone Mineralization and Mineral Excretion in Broiler Starter Chicks Fed Varied Concentrations of Cholecalciferol

A Review of the Aetiology and Pathology of Leg Weakness in Broilers in Relation to Welfare

Simultaneous Enrichment of Eggs With PUFAs and Antioxidants

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