Effects of Ethnic Group Cultural Differences on Cooperative and Competitive Behavior on a Group Task.

Cox, Taylor; Lobel, Sharon A.; McLeod, Poppy Lauretta

doi:10.2307/256391

Cited by 922 publications

(578 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…According to Trompenaars (1994), individualism refers to people regarding themselves as individuals instead of part of a group. Hofstede's research has conceptualized individualism at the national level; however, they have been treated as being espoused at the individual level in much prior work (Cox et al, 1991;Bochner & Hesketh, 1994;Gomez et al, 2001;Srite & Karahanna, 2006, Rai, Maruping, & Venkatesh, 2009. Consistent with this, we define individualism at the individual level, combining Hofstede's and Trompenaars's definition.…”

Section: Cultural Understandingmentioning

confidence: 88%

Contextual Factors, Knowledge Processes and Performance in Global Sourcing of IT Services

Abbott

et al. 2011

Journal of Global Information Management

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In this paper, the authors explore the influences of two major contextual factors—supplier team members’ cultural understanding and trust relationship—on knowledge processes and performance in global sourcing of IT services. The authors discuss a joint investigation conducted by a cross-cultural research team in China. Cultural understanding is measured by individualism with guanxi and mianzi, two Chinese cultural concepts, and trust relationship is measured by adjusting trust, a notion reflecting the uniqueness of the Chinese people. Knowledge processes are characterized by knowledge sharing. Performance is measured by the outcomes of global sourcing, which is represented by product success and personal satisfaction. Data are collected in 13 companies in Xi’an Software Park, with 200 structured questionnaires distributed to knowledge workers. The results of quantitative data analysis indicate that cultural understanding influences trust relationship greatly, as well as knowledge sharing and performance in global sourcing of IT services. Trust relationship significantly impacts knowledge sharing, whereas trust relationship and knowledge sharing have no impact on performance. This study suggests that special aspects of the Chinese context have significant direct impacts on knowledge processes while no direct and immediate impacts on performance in global sourcing of IT services.

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Section: Cultural Understandingmentioning

confidence: 88%

Contextual Factors, Knowledge Processes and Performance in Global Sourcing of IT Services

Abbott

et al. 2011

Journal of Global Information Management

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“…The results only revealed an interesting and significant pattern for Caucasian participants only, as no effects or 124 correlations were found for the Asian participants. There may be a theoretical reason for this finding, for example ethnic group differences in competitive and cooperative behaviour (Cox, Lobel, & McLeod, 1991) or the differences in prejudice when looking at ethnic minorities (Binder et al, 2009). However I would be hesitant to make any interpretation given the smaller sample size -particularly in comparison to the Caucasian participants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in prejudice: a biological and social psychological analysis

Dozo¹

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Gender differences are ubiquitous in the social psychological literature as there is an intense belief that men and women differ in most behaviour. The assumption is that the difference is either essential (biological differences) or learned (social differences) and can interact to produce the differences we see today. However, even with researchers' interest in revealing gender differences, studies have been conducted rather atheoretically and sometimes produce inconsistent results. The present thesis addresses prejudice -an area of social behaviour proposed by some researchers to be gendered in nature but currently lacking in systematic review and empirical studies. The present thesis will examine multiple theories for gender differences in prejudice with a meta-analysis and three lab studies assessing the biological and social components to any effect.At first glance, there appears to be consistent evidence of gender differences. For example, women have reported more favourable attitudes than men on social issues such as desegregated neighbourhoods and funding for public schools (Hughes & Tuch, 2003). In comparison, surveys have found that men reported higher levels of xenophobia, endorsement of White superiority, and racism compared to women (Ekehammar & Sidanius, 1982;Sidanius, Ekehammar, & Ross, 1979).However, meta-analyses have demonstrated that gender effects can vary across different operational definitions of prejudice (Hughes & Tuch, 2003) and that overall there is more evidence for gender similarities than differences (Hyde, 1984).This thesis therefore begins with the report of a meta-analysis (Study 1) that provides a comprehensive review of the literature assessing whether gender differences exist in the psychological literature of prejudice. The meta-analysis covered over 50 years of research and included 772 datasets. Across all studies, a small effect (r = .101) of gender was found, with men demonstrating more prejudice than women. The size of this effect, however, was moderated by several variables, including the measure of prejudice, social category of the outgroup, and gender of the target. My analyses also uncovered no instance where women demonstrated more prejudice than men. The results demonstrate that prejudice is somewhat influenced by gender but the small effect size indicates that other variables may play a larger role.Informed by the results of this meta-analysis, the following studies were designed to understand the underlying mechanisms of this gendered phenomenon. Study 2 investigated whether the effect can be explained from a biological perspective, specifically hormonal differences. The study tested basal levels of testosterone, measured via a saliva sample, and its interaction with cortisol to also assess a dual hormones hypothesis. In addition, I examined the role of prenatal testosterone exposure through the measurement of digit ratio (2D:4D) and facial width to height ratio (fWHR). Results revealed no significant association between gender, testosterone, cortisol, or...

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“…The SOCC framework attributes specific cooperative behaviour to the Overseas Chinese. Cooperative behaviour has been found to relate generally to collectivist values (Triandis 1989; Cox et al 1991). This compels us to also seek behavioural evidence of SOCC in strategic interactions.…”

Section: Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been used to study interactions across ethnic groups within (e.g. Cox et al 1991) or between nations (Hemesath 1994). We follow this approach in defining and measuring cooperation.…”

Section: Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there a Spirit of Overseas Chinese Capitalism?

2016

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The economic miracle of the Chinese Diaspora in Southeast Asia has been attributed to their unique economic culture forged from Confucian thought and the emigration experience. However, this Spirit of Overseas Chinese Capitalism (SOCC) hypothesis, based largely on qualitative research, has not been validated through quantitative work. This paper provides, for the first time, empirical evidence from a values survey and experiment which show that only some of the hypothesised SOCC values and behaviours differentiate the Chinese from less economically successful ethnic groups in Malaysia. While we find no evidence that Confucian values explain the success of the Overseas Chinese we do find it may lie in their (a) more conductive work values and (b) greater intra-ethnic cooperativeness, both accentuated by the emigration experience.

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Effects of Ethnic Group Cultural Differences on Cooperative and Competitive Behavior on a Group Task.

Cited by 922 publications

References 47 publications

Contextual Factors, Knowledge Processes and Performance in Global Sourcing of IT Services

Contextual Factors, Knowledge Processes and Performance in Global Sourcing of IT Services

Gender differences in prejudice: a biological and social psychological analysis

Is there a Spirit of Overseas Chinese Capitalism?

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