Effects of ethanol, ethyl-tert-butyl ether and dimethyl-carbonate blends with gasoline on SI engine

Synthesis of Biomass‐Derived Ethers for Use as Fuels and Lubricants

“…The synthesis of ethyl hexyl ether and ethyl octyl ether was also investigated using diethyl carbonate as an ethylating agent, where two moles of alcohols are added to one mole of diethyl carbonate to produce two moles of asymmetrical ethers, one mole of H 2 O, and one mole of CO 2 . Carbonates such as dimethyl and diethyl carbonate are now considered “green reagents” because they can be prepared from the catalytic oxidative carbonylation of methanol or ethanol with CO 2 rather than from phosgene . However, Tejero and co‐workers compared the synthesis of ethyl octyl ether through etherification of octanol using diethyl carbonate and through direct etherification of ethanol and octanol and concluded that direct etherification was the most effective method of producing ethyl octyl ether over acidic ion‐exchange resins .…”

“…Various catalytic pathways involving condensation, reduction, acetalization, and dehydration have been identified for producing liquid fuels from biomass‐derived platform chemicals . Ethers have emerged as a class of molecules with excellent properties that can be used to meet the growing demands for gasoline additives, cetane enhancers for diesel fuel, automotive lubricants, and other valuable products …”

Oxygenated fuels properties and its relationship with engine performance in port fuel injection engines.

“…In each phase, an aliquoted sample diluted with air by means of a constant volume sampler (CVS) is collected in one different bag, and analyzed individually. The total test time for the FTP-75 is 1874 seconds, the average speed is 34.1 km h -1 , and the travel distance is 17.8 km [14]. Before the tests, the vehicle was conditioned on the road over a course designed to simulate a portion of the FTP-75 cycle in terms of typical speeds, as well as number of stops, and a sequence of engine off and idles were performed.…”

“…Emission gas samples were collected into Tedlar bags during each phase of the FTP-75 cycle, and the vehicles operated on a Horiba-ECDM-48 single-roll electric dynamometer coupled to a constant-volume sampler unit (Horiba CVS-45). Total HCs, NMHCs, CO, NOx, and CO2 concentrations were measured using a Horiba MEXA-9200D-gas analyzer system [14]. The test program was examined using the statistical methods described in previous works [14].…”

“…Total HCs, NMHCs, CO, NOx, and CO2 concentrations were measured using a Horiba MEXA-9200D-gas analyzer system [14]. The test program was examined using the statistical methods described in previous works [14]. The criterion to determine whether a repeat-test was necessary was performed when FTP emissions ratio between the larger value divided by the smaller value, was greater than 1.17 for THC, 1.33 for CO, and 1.40 for NOx [15].…”