Effects of equol on deoxycorticosterone acetate salt-induced hypertension and associated vascular dementia in rats

Liu, Te-Hua; Tsai, Tsung‐Yu

doi:10.1039/c6fo00223d

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“… 42 S -Equol treatment (low-dose, 10 mg/kg and high-dose, 20 mg/kg orally for 4 weeks) could dose-dependently decrease systolic blood pressure in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and increasing the NO production. 43 Removal of dietary soy isoflavones reduced endothelium-derived NO levels in ovariectomized rats, while S -equol supplementation (200 µg/day subcutaneously for 4 weeks starting at the 16th week after receiving an isoflavone-deficient diet) partially improved NO-mediated endothelial function. 36 In addition, S -equol treatment (0.05% and 0.1% for 12–14 weeks) displayed antiatherosclerotic properties in apolipoprotein E knockout mice fed a high-fat diet by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress through the activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 in ECs.…”

Section: S -Equolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of S-Equol, Indoxyl Sulfate, and Trimethylamine N-Oxide on Vascular Function

Matsumoto

Kojima

Takayanagi

et al. 2020

American Journal of Hypertension

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Gut microbiota have been emerging as important contributors to the regulation of host homeostasis. Accordingly, several substances converted by gut microbiota can have beneficial or adverse effects on human health. Among them, S-equol, which is produced from the isoflavone daidzein in the human and animal gut by certain microbiota, exerts estrogenic and antioxidant activities. Indoxyl sulfate, which is metabolized in the liver from indole converted from dietary tryptophan by bacterial tryptophanases in the colon, is known as a protein-bound uremic toxin. Trimethylamine N-oxide, which is generated via the oxidization of gut microbiota-derived trimethylamine by hepatic flavin monooxygenases, is known as an accelerator of atherosclerosis. The aforementioned gut-derived substances could be potential regulators of systematic tissue/organ function, including the vascular system. Macro- and microvascular complications of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes, occur systemically and represent the principal cause of morbidity and mortality. Vascular endothelial and smooth muscle dysfunction play pivotal roles in the development and progression of vasculopathies. We herein review the link between the aforementioned gut-derived substances and endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell function. This information will provide a conceptual framework that would allow the development of novel preventive and/or therapeutic approaches against vasculopathies.

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Section: S -Equolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of S-Equol, Indoxyl Sulfate, and Trimethylamine N-Oxide on Vascular Function

Matsumoto

Kojima

Takayanagi

et al. 2020

American Journal of Hypertension

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“…Antioxidant properties of S-equol are greater than vitamins C and E in in vitro studies [ 38 , 97 ]. Lie et al showed in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertensive rats treated with low- (10 mg/kg/BW) and high- (20 mg/kg/BW) S-equol for 4 weeks that S-equol improved both long- and short-term memory and that S-equol increased antioxidant activity in the brain by elevating the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels and decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity [ 98 ]. Ma et al showed in male and ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats fed with S-equol (250 ppm), genistein (500 ppm), or isoflavone-reduced diet for two weeks before 90 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion that both S-equol and genistein reduced infarct size and that S-equol and genistein reduced oxidase activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and superoxide levels in the rat brain [ 99 ].…”

Section: Potential Protective Mechanisms Of S-equol For Cognitive Dec...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia

Wharton

Butts

Veliky

et al. 2022

IJMS

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S-equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone daidzein transformed by the gut microbiome, is the most biologically potent among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites. Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens and exert their actions through estrogen receptor-β. Epidemiological studies in East Asia, where soy isoflavones are regularly consumed, show that dietary isoflavone intake is inversely associated with cognitive decline and dementia; however, randomized controlled trials of soy isoflavones in Western countries did not generally show their cognitive benefit. The discrepant results may be attributed to S-equol production capability; after consuming soy isoflavones, 40–70% of East Asians produce S-equol, whereas 20–30% of Westerners do. Recent observational and clinical studies in Japan show that S-equol but not soy isoflavones is inversely associated with multiple vascular pathologies, contributing to cognitive impairment and dementia, including arterial stiffness and white matter lesion volume. S-equol has better permeability to the blood–brain barrier than soy isoflavones, although their affinity to estrogen receptor-β is similar. S-equol is also the most potent antioxidant among all known soy isoflavones. Although S-equol is available as a dietary supplement, no long-term trials in humans have examined the effect of S-equol supplementation on arterial stiffness, cerebrovascular disease, cognitive decline, or dementia.

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“…Animal studies also demonstrated the antioxidant properties of equol. Two mice studies demonstrated that equol improved vascular health in the brain [33,105]. It was suggested that equol elevated the activities of SOD, catalase, acetylcholinesterase, and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased the MDA levels in mice that had deoxycorticosterone acetate salt-induced hypertension and associated vascular dementia [105].…”

Section: Antioxidative Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two mice studies demonstrated that equol improved vascular health in the brain [33,105]. It was suggested that equol elevated the activities of SOD, catalase, acetylcholinesterase, and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased the MDA levels in mice that had deoxycorticosterone acetate salt-induced hypertension and associated vascular dementia [105]. Equol also reduced NADPH-induced superoxide production in the cerebral arteries of normotensive rats and hypertensive rats that were induced by angiotensin II [33].…”

Section: Antioxidative Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Protective Effects of Equol (Soy Isoflavone Metabolite) on Coronary Heart Diseases—From Molecular Mechanisms to Studies in Humans

et al. 2021

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Equol, a soy isoflavone-derived metabolite of the gut microbiome, may be the key cardioprotective component of soy isoflavones. Systematic reviews have reported that soy isoflavones have no to very small effects on traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, the potential mechanistic mode of action of equol on non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors has not been systematically reviewed. We searched the PubMed through to July 2021 by using terms for equol and each of the following markers: inflammation, oxidation, endothelial function, vasodilation, atherosclerosis, arterial stiffness, and coronary heart disease. Of the 231 records identified, 69 articles met the inclusion criteria and were summarized. Our review suggests that equol is more lipophilic, bioavailable, and generally more potent compared to soy isoflavones. Cell culture, animal, and human studies show that equol possesses antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory properties and improves arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis. Many of these actions are mediated through the estrogen receptor β. Overall, equol may have a greater cardioprotective benefit than soy isoflavones. Clinical studies of equol are warranted because equol is available as a dietary supplement.

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Effects of equol on deoxycorticosterone acetate salt-induced hypertension and associated vascular dementia in rats

Cited by 12 publications

References 60 publications

Role of S-Equol, Indoxyl Sulfate, and Trimethylamine N-Oxide on Vascular Function

Role of S-Equol, Indoxyl Sulfate, and Trimethylamine N-Oxide on Vascular Function

Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia

Potential Protective Effects of Equol (Soy Isoflavone Metabolite) on Coronary Heart Diseases—From Molecular Mechanisms to Studies in Humans

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