Effects of epoxy, hardener, and diluent types on the hardened state properties of epoxy mortars

Ozgul, Eren Ozeren; Özkul, M. Hulusi

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.215

Cited by 41 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Since their invention, epoxy thermosets have demonstrated a broad range of utility, from protective surface coatings to composites used in structural applications, thanks to their diverse range of material properties . These properties can be controlled by manipulating the thermosets’ curing conditions, hardener type, and epoxy-to-hardener ratio. − Other less controllable factors that have been shown to affect the thermosets’ material properties are polymer network structures such as polymer packing, , which is intrinsic to all thermosetting materials, and crystalline defects . An example of the effect that polymer packing can have on thermoset material properties is shown by altering the isomer content of bisphenol F-based epoxy thermosets .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally Induced Structural Transitions in Epoxy Thermoset Polymer Networks and Their Spectroscopic Responses

Dwyer

Isbill

Brubaker

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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The polymer network structure of epoxy thermosets plays a significant role in its final material properties. However, the effects of mild thermal exposure on these network structures are poorly studied. In this work, wide-angle X-ray scattering was used to investigate the polymer network structure of two epoxy thermosets: homopolymerized bisphenol A (BPA) epoxy resin and BPA epoxy resin cured with a polyether amine hardener (BPA/T-403). Using density functional theory and wide-angle X-ray scattering, insights into the polymer network structure were obtained. Diffraction features were determined to originate from hardener-to-hardener molecular distance, perpendicular π–π stacking of aromatic p-phenylene rings, and the average carbon–carbon distance in the polymer. Thermal exposure was found to permanently alter these structural features for both thermosets, with an increase in the π–π stacking distance. Homopolymerized BPA had an additional decrease in the hardener-to-hardener distance. These structural alterations were found to be detectable using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, with changes in the hardener-to-hardener distance having the largest variations in the resulting spectra specifically at the aromatic and ether frequencies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally Induced Structural Transitions in Epoxy Thermoset Polymer Networks and Their Spectroscopic Responses

Dwyer

Isbill

Brubaker

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…Polymer concrete-like composites are similar to ordinary concretes, but with completely cement-free polymer matrices or matrices of two co-binders, i.e., mineral cement and a significant amount of polymer. The examples of such composites are polymer concretes (PC) and mortars with fillers of various sizes and polymer-cement concretes (PCC) with complementing polymer-cement mortars and pastes [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each time, presenting the concept of polymer concrete-like composites and their advantages to researchers familiar only with traditional concrete (that is often slightly modified with polymers, e.g., through the use of polymer-based admixtures), at some point, high durability [1][2][3][4] was indicated. The high or excellent durability of these composites is mainly the consequence of the presence of a significant amount of polymer, which allows obtaining tighter matrices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Compressive Strength of Polymer Concrete-like Composites with Various Fillers

Sokołowska

2020

Materials

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The durability of building composites with polymer matrix, such as polymer concretes, is considered high or excellent. However, very few studies are available that show the properties of such composites tested long after the specimens' preparation, especially composites with fillers other than traditional rock aggregates. The paper presents the long-term compressive strength of polymer concrete containing common and alternative fine fillers, including quartz powder (ground sand) and by-products of the combustion of Polish fossil fuels (coal and lignite), tested nine or 9.5 years after preparation. The results were compiled with the data for respective specimens tested after 14 days, as well as 1.5 and 7 years. Data analysis confirmed the excellent durability of concrete-like composites with various fillers in terms of compressive strength. Density measurements of selected composites showed that the increase in strength was accompanied by an increase in volumetric density. This showed that the opinion that the development of the strength of composites with polymer matrices taking place within a few to several days was not always justified. In the case of a group of tested concrete-like composites with vinyl-ester matrices saturated with fly ashes of various origins, there was a further significant increase in strength over time.wastes or by-products are applied to the aforementioned composites as the substitutes of the regular components. Such composites have been recently eagerly designed and produced, following the assumptions of the sustainable development concept, i.e., a concept strongly promoted for the past few years. Composites containing such wastes and/or by-products (e.g., fly ash, perlite powder, recycled glass, aggregate leftover mineral dust, etc.) are subjected to various tests [5][6][7][9][10][11][12][13], but usually only at the early stage of their service-life. The level of mechanical properties of such composites after a long period of use remains unclear.The aim of the paper is to discuss the "long-term compressive strength" of polymer concretes with traditional quartz fillers (including coarse and fine aggregates, the same as those used in ordinary Portland cement concrete and very fine quartz powders) and sustainable secondary materials, namely the by-products of the combustion of two kinds of fossil fuels, i.e., coal (or so-called "hard coal") and lignite (or "brown coal"), mined in deposits located in Poland. The combustion processes are intended to produce electricity or heat. Due to differences in the construction of furnaces and associated combustion installations, the remaining fly ashes differ in terms of morphology and granulation, so they differently affect the consistency of PC mix [13] which, among others, influences the microstructure and, therefore, the properties of hardened composites containing such fly ashes.The tested composites are cement-free (the binder consists solely of vinyl-ester resin). There is also no water in the composition of these composites. Water disturbs or...

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“…Epoxy resins continue to be the polymer matrix most widely used in structural composite materials because of their superior mechanical and thermal properties and comparative ease of processability . Demanding design specifications and performance requirements, however, continue to place increased demands upon the matrix resin for next generation composite materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of tri‐aryl ketone amine isomers and their cure with epoxy resins

Reyes

Dao

Vogel

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Isomeric tri‐aryl ketone amines, 1,3‐bis(3‐aminobenzoyl)benzene (133 BABB), 1,3‐bis(4‐aminobenzoyl)benzene (134 BABB), and 1,4‐bis(4‐aminobenzoyl)benzene (144 BABB) are synthesized and cured with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F in this work. Differential scanning calorimetry and near‐infrared spectroscopy reveal higher rate constants and enhanced secondary amine conversion with increasing para substitution attributed to resonance effects and the electron withdrawing nature of the carbonyl linkages. Glass transition temperatures increase from 133 BABB to 134 BABB, but decrease modestly for the 144 BABB hardener. With increasing para substitution, the flexural modulus and strength both decrease while the strain to failure increases but all BABB amines displaying higher mechanical properties than the corresponding 4,4‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone (44 DDS) networks. The thermal stability of the BABB networks is found to be modestly lower than 44 DDS, but char yields are significantly higher. Changes in thermal and mechanical properties are described in terms of molecular structure and equilibrium packing density.

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Effects of epoxy, hardener, and diluent types on the hardened state properties of epoxy mortars

Cited by 41 publications

References 33 publications

Thermally Induced Structural Transitions in Epoxy Thermoset Polymer Networks and Their Spectroscopic Responses

Thermally Induced Structural Transitions in Epoxy Thermoset Polymer Networks and Their Spectroscopic Responses

Long-Term Compressive Strength of Polymer Concrete-like Composites with Various Fillers

Synthesis of tri‐aryl ketone amine isomers and their cure with epoxy resins

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