Effects of environmental cocaine concentrations on COX and caspase-3 activity, GRP-78, ALT, CRP and blood glucose levels in the liver and kidney of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

Capaldo, Anna; Caputo, Ivana; Lionetti, Lillà; Paolella, Gaetana; Gregorio, Ilaria Di; Martucciello, Stefania; Lorenzo, Mariana Di; Rosati, Luciano; Laforgia, Vincenza

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111475

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Stress, per se initiates high metabolic demand and the increase in blood glucose level is essentially an adaptive response of the body to meet with this increased energy demand [55]. Significant increase in blood glucose level was also reported in Anguilla Anguilla exposed to cocaine [56], in the catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus exposed to chromium (Majharul Islam et al, 2020). Cholesterol is an essential structural component of cell membranes, it is the outer layer of plasma lipoproteins and the precursor of all steroid hormones [57].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Detection on Electroplating Effluent-Induced Cytopathological Alterations and DNA Damage in the Blood Samples of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)

Sudhasaravanan¹,

Binukumari²,

Rajeshkumar³

et al. 2021

austinjenvirontoxicol

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In the present study, fresh waterfish Cirrhinus mrigala has been used as a model organism to understand the mechanistic link between electroplating industrial effluent (EIE) and oxidative stress in aquatic ecosystems. To this end, the fishes were exposed to industrial effluent, in the tank water for 10, 20 and 30 days under controlled laboratory conditions. Various hematological parameters (Total RBC and WBC, Hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, PCV), biochemical metabolites (Glucose, protein, Cholesterol) and markers of genotoxicity (comet assay and micronuclear assay) were assessed. Fishes exposed for 30 days showed marked increase (p <0.001) in RBC with concomitant decrease in total WBC. There is significant (p <0.001) decline in indices of blood cells such as Hb, MCV, MCH and PCV. Results from comet assay showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased frequency genotoxicity in erythrocytes of as evident from observed increase in tail length in fishes exposed to EIE for 30 days. Overall, the results of this study, clearly demonstrated concentration dependent response of electroplating industrial effluent on freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala on haematological, biochemical and genotoxic markers. The results obtained herein suggests EIE as potential xenobiotics contributing towards ecotoxic and genotoxic effect in fishes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Detection on Electroplating Effluent-Induced Cytopathological Alterations and DNA Damage in the Blood Samples of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)

Sudhasaravanan¹,

Binukumari²,

Rajeshkumar³

et al. 2021

austinjenvirontoxicol

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“…Many studies showed the effects of environmental illicit drugs on fish, for example, the bioaccumulation of illicit drugs and their metabolites in the muscle, liver, and gills of multiple fish species [44]; addiction and behavior alteration induced in brown trout Salmo trutta by metamphetamine [45]; dose-and/or time-dependent alterations in reactive oxygen species induction, the activity of antioxidants catalase and superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase and malondialdehyde contents induced in larvae of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) by ketamine [46]. The adverse effects of cocaine on European eels have already been reported [24,25,[47][48][49], but the present study provides the first body evidence indicating that an environmentally relevant concentration of cocaine induces histological and immunohistochemical changes in the gonads of the European eel, supporting our hypothesis that cocaine may impair reproduction in this species through changes in oocyte morphology, expressions of crucial enzymes, and alteration in the serum levels of cortisol and gonadotropins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Aquatic Pollution and Risks to Biodiversity: The Example of Cocaine Effects on the Ovaries of Anguilla anguilla

Fontes

Rosati

Lorenzo

et al. 2022

Animals

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Pollution is one of the main causes of the loss of biodiversity, currently one of the most important environmental problems. Important sources of aquatic pollution are illicit drugs, whose presence in waters is closely related to human consumption; their psychoactive properties and biological activity suggest potential adverse effects on non-target organisms, such as aquatic biota. In this study, we evaluated the effect of an environmentally relevant concentration of cocaine (20 ng L−1), an illicit drug widely found in surface waters, on the ovaries of Anguilla anguilla, a species critically endangered and able to accumulate cocaine in its tissues following chronic exposure. The following parameters were evaluated: (1) the morphology of the ovaries; (2) the presence and distribution of enzymes involved in oogenesis; (3) serum cortisol, FSH, and LH levels. The eels exposed to cocaine showed a smaller follicular area and a higher percentage of connective tissue than controls (p < 0.05), as well as many previtellogenic oocytes compared with controls having numerous fully vitellogenic and early vitellogenic oocytes. In addition, the presence and location of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and P450 aromatase differed in the two groups. Finally, cocaine exposure decreased FSH and LH levels, while it increased cortisol levels. These findings show that even a low environmental concentration of cocaine affects the ovarian morphology and activity of A. anguilla, suggesting a potential impact on reproduction in this species.

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“…While research on the effects of METH on fish is somewhat explored, others, among them COC, have largely been overlooked. Notably, a study found that exposure to 20 ng/L of COC for 50 days increased blood glucose concentration in eel Anguilla anguilla , which remained unchanged even after a 10-day post-exposure recovery period [ 121 ]. This reaction could indicate an increased energy demand needed to cope with chemical-induced stress.…”

Section: Bioaccumulation Of Illicit Drugs and Their Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The longitudinal effects of embryonic exposure to COC in zebrafish have been explored, revealing a bell-shaped dose–response curve, suggesting that pre-exposure may make fish more sensitive to the drug as adults [ 175 ]. Moreover, COC exposure in eels notably boosts liver and kidney cyclooxygenase activity, signaling immune system activation [ 121 ]. The kappa-opioid receptor/dynorphin system has been found to have counter-modulatory effects on the reward caused by COC exposure, indicating a complex interplay of neurobiological systems in response to COC [ 176 ].…”

Section: Bioaccumulation Of Illicit Drugs and Their Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Illicit Drugs in Surface Waters: How to Get Fish off the Addictive Hook

Falfushynska,

Rychter,

Boshtova

et al. 2024

Pharmaceuticals

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The United Nations World Drug Report published in 2022 alarmed that the global market of illicit drugs is steadily expanding in space and scale. Substances of abuse are usually perceived in the light of threats to human health and public security, while the environmental aspects of their use and subsequent emissions usually remain less explored. However, as with other human activities, drug production, trade, and consumption of drugs may leave their environmental mark. Therefore, this paper aims to review the occurrence of illicit drugs in surface waters and their bioaccumulation and toxicity in fish. Illicit drugs of different groups, i.e., psychostimulants (methamphetamines/amphetamines, cocaine, and its metabolite benzoylecgonine) and depressants (opioids: morphine, heroin, methadone, fentanyl), can reach the aquatic environment through wastewater discharge as they are often not entirely removed during wastewater treatment processes, resulting in their subsequent circulation in nanomolar concentrations, potentially affecting aquatic biota, including fish. Exposure to such xenobiotics can induce oxidative stress and dysfunction to mitochondrial and lysosomal function, distort locomotion activity by regulating the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems, increase the predation risk, instigate neurological disorders, disbalance neurotransmission, and produce histopathological alterations in the brain and liver tissues, similar to those described in mammals. Hence, this drugs-related multidimensional harm to fish should be thoroughly investigated in line with environmental protection policies before it is too late. At the same time, selected fish species (e.g., Danio rerio, zebrafish) can be employed as models to study toxic and binge-like effects of psychoactive, illicit compounds.

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Effects of environmental cocaine concentrations on COX and caspase-3 activity, GRP-78, ALT, CRP and blood glucose levels in the liver and kidney of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

Cited by 9 publications

References 37 publications

Detection on Electroplating Effluent-Induced Cytopathological Alterations and DNA Damage in the Blood Samples of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)

Detection on Electroplating Effluent-Induced Cytopathological Alterations and DNA Damage in the Blood Samples of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)

Aquatic Pollution and Risks to Biodiversity: The Example of Cocaine Effects on the Ovaries of Anguilla anguilla

Illicit Drugs in Surface Waters: How to Get Fish off the Addictive Hook

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