Effects of environmental and lifestyle exposures on urinary levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites: A cross-sectional study of urban adults in China

Variability in urinary biomarkers of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its association with oxidative stress

“…1-Pyr is a commonly used urinary biomarker of PAHs exposure. The urinary concentrations of 1-Pyr measured in this study (median: 0.38 ng/mL; 0.28 μg/g creatinine) were comparable to those reported from Poland (median: 0.36 μg/g creatinine) ( Sochacka-Tatara et al 2018 ), but higher than those reported from the United States (mean/median: 0.11–0.13 ng/mL) ( CDC 2019 ), Canada (mean/median: 0.09–0.11 ng/mL) ( Health Canada 2017 ), Czech Republic (median: 0.18 μg/g creatinine) ( Urbancova et al 2017 ), and Australia (0.06–0.14 ng/mL) ( Thai et al 2020 ; Thai et al 2015 ), and an order of magnitude lower than those reported from China (mean/median: 3.1–6.4 μg/g creatinine) ( Cao et al 2020a ; Li et al 2015a ).…”

“…In contrast, mean concentrations of 2-Nap reported for Iranian (4.26 vs 2.69 ng/mL) and Korean (5.26 vs 2.77 ng/mL) males were 1.8-fold higher than those in females ( Hoseini et al 2018 ; Sul et al 2012 ). In a Chinese national survey, higher urinary OH-PAH concentrations were found in females (mean: 6.36 μg/mmol creatinine) than in males (5.22 μg/mmol creatinine) ( p < 0.0001) ( Cao et al 2020a ). All of our 19 participates were non-smokers and lived in a suburban area near Albany, New York State, USA.…”

“…Urine from non-Hispanic whites contained higher concentrations of 1-Nap, 2/3/9-Flu, and 1-Phe than those from Mexican Americans ( Li et al 2008 ). Individual differences in dietary habits including cooking practices and exposure to traffic related air pollution can contribute to discrepancies in OH-PAH concentrations in the above studies ( Cao et al 2020a ).…”

“…The excretion rates adopted in our study were derived from a pharmacokinetic study based on oral exposure dose ( Li et al 2012 ), which was considered to be an important source of PAH exposure in the general population ( Yebra-Pimentel et al 2015 ). Nevertheless, inhalation can be an important source of exposure to volatile PAHs like Nap ( Cao et al 2020a ; Oliveira et al 2017b ).…”

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon: environmental sources, associations with altered lung function and potential mechanisms

“…What's more, our results suggested that good kitchen ventilation could decrease low-molecular-weight OH-PAHs levels ( P < 0.05). We further investigated the combined effect of various exposure sources on urinary metabolites and found a stronger combined effect of cigarette smoking when co-exposure with any other sources occurred, [ 16 ] which confirmed the great contribution of cigarette smoking to PAH exposures.…”