Effects of endurance exercise and half-bath on body composition, cardiorespiratory system, and arterial pulse wave velocity in men with intellectual disabilities

Abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of endurance exercise and half-bath on body composition, cardiorespiratory system, and arterial pulse wave velocity of men with intellectual disabilities. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-four men with intellectual disabilities, but capable of learning, were randomly assigned to aerobic exercise (N=8), half-bath (N=8), or control (N=8) treatment groups. Over the 12-week treatment period, the aerobic exercise group did treadmill and stationary bicycle. The half-bath treatment group was placed in a sitting position in a 39–40°C bath for 10 minutes. [Results] The aerobic exercise group showed a significant decrease in body fat than those in the half-bath and control groups. In addition, there was an increase in the respiratory system of the aerobic exercise group but no increase in the half-bath and control groups. The arterial pulse wave velocity change was greatest in the aerobic exercise group, but the half-bath group also showed a velocity change from that in the control group. [Conclusion] Aerobic exercise and a half-bath can have positive effects on improving body composition, respiratory system, and vascular function of people with intellectual disabilities.

Intellectual disability, exercise and aging: the IDEA study: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

“…An increasing number of studies have reported positive effects of different exercise programs on vascular function and structure in adults without disabilities [ 82 – 84 ]. On the other hand, 12 weeks of CAEP reduced arterial stiffness in young adults with ID [ 85 ]. Nevertheless, modalities of exercise training such as short intermittent-bouts of high-intensity exercise, should be further explored in adults without intellectual disabilities and, even more, in adults and seniors with ID.…”

Conventional exercise interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Thirteen RCTs met all the inclusion criteria and were therefore included in the qualitative synthesis of this review [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] (Table 1).…”

“…Weekly frequencies and training session durations tested in the studies ranged from 2 to 5 times/week (mean 3 ± 0.7), and from 30 to 70 minutes/session (mean 52.7 ± 10.9 minutes). Eight trials 26,27,30,[32][33][34][35]37 assessed the effects of aerobic exercise, three studies 25,29,31 evaluated the effects of a strength training program, other three trials 28,30,36 assessed the effects of a combined exercise training (eg, aerobic exercise plus strength training). Among the eight trials where the effects of a continuous aerobic exercise were assessed, three studies presented other arms of intervention comprising combined exercise training, 30 interval aerobic exercise, 35 and a halfbath program.…”

“…Among the eight trials where the effects of a continuous aerobic exercise were assessed, three studies presented other arms of intervention comprising combined exercise training, 30 interval aerobic exercise, 35 and a halfbath program. 37 In all the thirteen studies, the intervention groups were compared to a control group undergoing usual medical therapy and daily activities without any exercise prescription. To sum up, each session consisted of a supervised group class involving 5-10 minutes of warm-up period, a central main phase of about 30-40 minutes (eg, continuous aerobic exercise; strength training; combined training), and a brief cool-down period (5-10 minutes).…”

“…33,35,36 Adherence of participants was clearly reported in all the included studies (from 67% to 96%), except four. [26][27][28]37 The PEDro score of the included studies ranged from 4 to 8 (median 6). Of the thirteen studies examined, eleven trials reported data on at least three shared outcome measures, that is, body weight in kilograms (BW); body mass index in Kg/m 2 (BMI); waist circumference in centimeters (WC); body fat mass in percentage or kilograms (BFM); heart rate peak in bpm (HR peak ) registered at cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET); peak oxygen uptake in mL/Kg/min (VO 2peak ) at CPET; maximal exercise capacity (MExC) in watts, Abbreviations: 6MWT, six-minute walking test; ACSM, American College of Sport Medicine; AD, adherence; BBS, Berg balance scale; BFFM, body fat-free mass; BFM, body fat mass; BMI, body mass index; BW, body weight; CPET, cardiopulmonary exercise incremental test; CSST, chair sit-to-stand test; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DO, dropout; DS, Down Syndrome; F, females; HC, hip circumference; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HR, heart rate; hs-CRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; ID, intellectual disability; IL-6, interleukin-6; IQ, intelligence quotient; IRM LL, maximal strength lower limb; IRM UL, maximal strength upper limb; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; M, males; MET, metabolic equivalent; MR, mental retardation; MVPA, moderate-vigorous physical activity; NR, not reported; PA, physical activity; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; RM, repetition-maximum; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TUG, timed up-and-go test; VAT, ventilatory anaerobic threshold; VE peak, peak minute ventilation; VO 2 peak, peak oxygen uptake; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist hip ratio; y, years.…”