Effects of ELMs and disruptions on ITER divertor armour materials

Experimental study of PFCs erosion under ITER-like transient loads at plasma gun facility QSPA

“…Quasistationary plasma accelerators, which are capable to provide the adequate plasma energy density and plasma pulse duration, are quite suitable for PFCs erosion study [6,7]. The present work refers to new experimental testing of ITER-like divertor castellated targets of pure tungsten, lanthanum tungsten and CFC by plasma heat fluxes relevant to the transient heat loads in ITER, performed at facility QSPA-T.…”

“…Therefore other devices such as ion source [2], electron-beam facility [3,4], powerful plasma guns [4][5][6][7] are applied for armour testing.…”

On the possibility of ITER starting with full carbon

“…If we are not able to control the off-normal event, only one off-normal event could destroy the machine. Recently, a giant ELM could load enough energy to melt the tungsten wall [11]. Of course, the damage should be quite local, but the effect for succeeding shots must be quite large.…”

Mechanical and thermo-physical characterization of three-directional carbon fiber composites for W-7X and ITER

“…This is based on their excellent thermal shock resistance [1,2], absence of melting in comparison with metals and ability to retain the strength up to high temperatures [3,4]. These are desirable properties for the strike point area of the ITER divertor during the start-up phase without tritium [5][6][7] as well as for the divertor of WENDELSTEIN 7-X [8,9].…”