Effects of Electronic (e)-Cigarette Vapor on Staphylococcal Virulence: Are E-Cigarettes Safer than Conventional Cigarettes?

Alexander, Laura E. Crotty; Enany, Shymaa; McEachern, Elisa

doi:10.5772/66154

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…58 In addition, and of possible relevance to the pneumococcus, exposure of methicillin-resistant S. aureus to nicotine per se, as well as to e-cigarette vapors, has been reported to augment biofilm formation and resistance to hostderived antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin LL-37. 59…”

Section: E-cigarettes/vaping and Pneumococcal Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Feldman

Anderson

2020

Semin Respir Crit Care Med

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AbstractWith the notable exceptions of the United States and Canada in particular, the global burden of disease in adults due to invasive infection with the dangerous respiratory, bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains. This situation prevails despite the major successes of inclusion of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in many national childhood immunization programs and associated herd protection in adults, as well as the availability of effective antimicrobial agents. Accurate assessment of the geographic variations in the prevalence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has, however, been somewhat impeded by the limitations imposed on the acquisition of reliable epidemiological data due to reliance on often insensitive, laboratory-based, pathogen identification procedures. This, in turn, may result in underestimation of the true burden of IPD and represents a primary focus of this review. Other priority topics include the role of PCVs in the changing epidemiology of IPD in adults worldwide, smoking as a risk factor not only in respect of increasing susceptibility for development of IPD, but also in promoting pneumococcal antibiotic resistance. The theme of pneumococcal antibiotic resistance has been expanded to include mechanisms of resistance to commonly used classes of antibiotics, specifically β-lactams, macrolides and fluoroquinolones, and, perhaps somewhat contentiously, the impact of resistance on treatment outcome. Finally, but no less importantly, the role of persistent antigenemia as a driver of a chronic, subclinical, systemic proinflammatory/procoagulant phenotype that may underpin the long-term sequelae and premature mortality of those adults who have recovered from an episode of IPD, is considered.

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Section: E-cigarettes/vaping and Pneumococcal Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Feldman

Anderson

2020

Semin Respir Crit Care Med

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“…La exposición al aerosol de CE aumenta la virulencia de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina, ya que se altera su carga superficial y la formación de la biopelícula, lo que le confiere mayor resistencia a la destrucción por péptidos antimicrobianos y macrófagos. Además, la capacidad de las células epiteliales humanas para destruir patógenos disminuía (54) .…”

Section: Inmunidadunclassified

El cigarrillo electrónico: un problema de salud pública emergente

Accinelli

Lam

Tafur

2020

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica

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Desde el 2004 se dispone del cigarrillo electrónico (CE), dispositivo que calienta nicotina y la administra formando parte de un vapor. Presentamos una revisión narrativa del CE y su efecto en la salud. Su uso es para dejar de fumar, en lo que la evidencia es baja, terminando usándolo a la vez que el cigarrillo que no pudieron dejar. Además, los que nunca fumaron, principalmente adolescentes y jóvenes, se inician en su consumo. Su uso eleva en el aire los niveles de nicotina, partículas, compuestos orgánicos volátiles, hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos, carbonilos y metales como aluminio. In vitro el CE causa inflamación, estrés oxidativo y es tóxico para múltiples tipos de células, incluyendo células pulmonares, endoteliales y células madre. Produce incremento de la susceptibilidad a infecciones virales y bacterianas. Comparado con cigarrillos, el CE produce un número mayor y más intenso de genes suprimidos. A la broncoscopia las vías aéreas están friables y eritematosas, y el epitelio bronquial con expresión diferenciada de proteínas. Se le ha asociado con tos, síntomas de bronquitis y con la epidemia de insuficiencia respiratoria por neumonitis que ha llevado a varias decenas de personas a la muerte. Por sus efectos dañinos el CE debería solo usarse por prescripción médica, como una medida para ayudar a dejar el tabaco, y estar prohibido su uso en interiores y ambientes públicos. Como no se han determinado los componentes del CE responsables de las muertes asociadas, su uso debería ser proscrito hasta que se conozcan cuáles son estos factores.

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The Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Feldman

2016

Semin Respir Crit Care Med

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) remains one of the most common causes of bacterial CAP, encompassing infections mild enough to be treated on an outpatient basis, as well as those requiring hospital care, or even intensive care unit admission. This microorganism is associated with a significant burden of disease, causing substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, and generating considerable health-care costs. The reason that pneumococcal CAP remains such a common cause of disease relates to the presence of a number of risk factors for this infection in patients throughout the world. Such risk factors include extremes of age, lifestyle factors, including smoking and alcohol abuse, and various underlying co-morbid conditions, including congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies. This article will review various aspects of pneumococcal CAP, including the burden of pneumococcal disease, risk factors for pneumococcal infection, the occurrence of cardiovascular events in patients with pneumococcal CAP, the apparently pivotal role of pneumolysin, a major virulence factor of the pneumococcus, in the pathogenesis of severe infection and associated cardiac dysfunction, empiric antibiotic treatment for pneumococcal CAP, as well as adjunctive therapies, specifically those which target pneumolysin, and, finally, the mortality of such infections.

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Effects of Electronic (e)-Cigarette Vapor on Staphylococcal Virulence: Are E-Cigarettes Safer than Conventional Cigarettes?

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

The Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

The Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

El cigarrillo electrónico: un problema de salud pública emergente

The Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

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