Effects of Electromagnetic Field on the Development of Chick Embryo: An In Vivo Study

Abstract

This study was conducted to explore the effects of electromagnetic waves on a developing chick embryo. The radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RFW) emitted by different smart phones was measured by using a TriField meter. Chick fertilized eggs were placed in an egg incubator, divided into control and exposed groups. In the exposed group, a mobile phone was placed inside an incubator in call receiving mode, while in the control group, the mobile phone was not used. Studies were conducted at low and high exposure (dose) of RFW. Chick embryos were sacrificed at day 10 and day 15, and embryos were examined for mortality, gross malformation, weight, and length. Histology, electron microscopy, and Hsp 70 of liver were done for the high dose group. No mortality was observed in the low dose group; however, in the high dose group, the mortality was 14%, and deformities of the limbs and skin abnormalities were observed. Weight and length in the exposed groups were significantly lower than the control at higher dose. Histology and ultrastructure of liver revealed fatty infiltration, increase number of mitochondria, deformation, and disappearance of its cristae. Hsp 70 and mRNA levels were elevated in the exposed groups for high dose group.

Morphological Changes in Chick Embryos Development Exposed to Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted by Smart Mobile Phones

“…The most obvious finding from this study was that the hatching rate was 15% in both sham and treated groups, while it was 100% in the control group. A study reported that the exposed groups to 1800 MHz EMR for100-200 minutes revealed no mortality at all, while at longer exposure for 500-750 minutes raised the mortality rate to 14% [17]. Higher mortality rate was also noticed by another study in the exposed group [18].…”

“…These processes could be affected by endogenous ionic flows and electric fields which could be disturbed by the EMR exposure. Growth retardation in the exposed group is most likely due to the adverse effects of EMR on the DNA [17].…”

Effect of Tramadol on the Development of Chick Embryos

“…The incubated eggs of the controls and treated groups were steadily checked for viability and mortality by using the candling technique. Dead embryos were delicately removed from the yolk sac, cleaned with saline, checked for any obvious malformations, and then classified in accordance with [19,20]. Dead embryos were determined by the absence of beating heart, no distinguishable vasculature, or the presence of blood spots.…”

Pulsed Magnetic Fields Cause hes1 and hsa-Circ-0068530 Expression Changes in Gastric Cancer Cell Line and Human Normal Fibroblast Cell Line

“…Low-frequency electromagnetic fields can affect cell growth (7), morphology and cell shape (8), carcinogenicity (9), cell differentiation (10), and programmed cell death (11). Exposure to lowfrequency electromagnetic fields could increase oxidative stress in chick embryos (12), cultured mammalian cells (13), and human erythrocytes (14). Gastric cancer is a multifactorial disease in which bacterial contamination, environmental factors, and host genetic agents play an important role in its progression (15).…”