Effects of elaborative processing on implicit and explicit memory for new associations.

Schacter, Daniel L.; Graf, Peter

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.432

Cited by 235 publications

(285 citation statements)

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“…A 2 x 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on these data, but as a result of subject variability the Group x Context Condition interaction was not significant, F{\, 22) = 1.75, p = .19, MS C = 2.01. In fact, the effect of context exhibited by healthy control subjects, in both this experiment and in those of Graf and Schacter (1985;Schacter & Graf, 1986a), was quite small and amounted to about one more word completed in the same condition than in the different context condition. Figure 1 also shows performance by healthy control subjects in the no-cues condition.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…For example, priming of new associations in normal subjects occurs only if the study task ensures elaborative encoding of the new associations (Schacter & Graf, 1986a). In contrast, repetition priming is not affected or only slightly affected by the degree of elaborative encoding (Graf, Mandler, & Haden, 1982;Graf et al, 1984).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They were instructed to report the first city that came to mind. This "city-generation" task was used by Schacter and Graf (1986a) as a way to encourage implicit memory strategies during the word completion test.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used the procedure originally developed by Graf and Schacter (1985;Schacter & Graf, 1986a). Subjects were presented 20 sentences and asked to read each one aloud.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Impaired priming of new associations in amnesia.

Shimamura¹,

Squire²

1989

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

106

115

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We assessed priming of new associations in amnesic patients and healthy control subjects in a paradigm developed by Graf and Schacter (1985). Subjects were presented unrelated word pairs embedded in sentences (e.g., A BELL was hanging over the baby's CRADLE) and were asked to rate how well the sentences related the two words. Subjects were then given a word completion test. They were shown three-letter word stems and were asked to complete the stem with the first word that came to mind. In the same context condition, each word stem was presented together with the word that had appeared in the same sentence during study (e.g., BELL-CRA ). In the different context condition, each stem was presented together with a new word that had never been presented (e.g., APPLE-CRA. ). Control subjects completed more words in the same context condition than in the different context condition. In contrast, amnesic patients did not complete any more words in the same context condition than in the different context condition. Indeed, across two experiments none of the amnesic patients exhibited consistent priming of new associations. Thus, although amnesic patients do exhibit entirely normal priming of preexisting memory representations, they do not appear to exhibit priming of new associations in this paradigm.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used the procedure originally developed by Graf and Schacter (1985;Schacter & Graf, 1986a). Subjects were presented 20 sentences and asked to read each one aloud.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Impaired priming of new associations in amnesia.

Shimamura¹,

Squire²

1989

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

106

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A number of recent experiments have suggested that newly acquired associations between normatively unrelated word pairs can influence the magnitude of priming on a word completion test (Graf & Schacter, 1985, 1987Schacter &Graf, 1986a, 1986b. In these experiments, subjects studied unrelated word pairs (WINDOW-REASON) and were then given a completion test in which some stems were paired with their study list cue (e.g., WINDOW-REA ; samecontext condition), and others were paired with some other cue (e.g., OFFICER-REA ; different-context condition).…”

Section: Experiments 2a-cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit memory and test awareness.

Bowers¹,

Schacter²

1990

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

Self Cite

257

265

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In three experiments we examined whether normal subjects can perform an implicit test without becoming aware that the test items were previously encountered in the study phase of the experiment. Experiment 1 assessed single word priming with the stem completion task, and subjects who reported awareness/unawareness that the test items were previously encoded in the study task showed equivalent priming. Experiments 2a-c and 3 assessed associative priming with the stem completion task, and in this case, only subjects who were aware that the test items were previously encountered showed associative priming effects. These findings suggest that single word priming and associative priming reflect different memory processes because the former and not the latter effect can be observed in unaware subjects.

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Assessing cognitive function in animal models of mental retardation

Strupp

Diamond²

1996

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

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Recent advances in the development of animal models of human mental retardation (MR) syndromes offer exciting possibilities for understanding the pathogenic processes in these disorders. However, because MR is, by definition, a disruption in “cognition,” the potential offered by these models can only be fully realized if the attention devoted to the cognitive assessment of the animals is equal to that given to the genetic manipulation that created them. Accordingly, this paper provides guidelines for assessing cognitive function in animal models of human cognitive pathology, with an emphasis on MR syndromes. One of the major issues considered is task selection. Because different cognitive processes depend on different brain systems, the nature of the brain damage will determine the tasks that will be most sensitive in any given disorder. Tasks that are most sensitive to one disorder will often reveal no dysfunction in a different disorder. It is therefore imperative that task selection is guided by knowledge, or hypotheses, about (a) the neural systems disrupted in the target disorder; and/or (b) the specific cognitive abilities impaired in the target human syndrome. For example, a hallmark deficit in many MR syndromes is an impaired ability to transfer learning from one situation to another. Because this process has rarely been tested in animal models of MR, it is likely that the degree of impairment in the animals has been significantly underestimated. When devising tasks for animals based on the human data, however, there are dangers in developing analogous tasks, and even in using identical ones. These problems are discussed, along with potential solutions. A second major theme of the paper is that critical information can be gleaned by analyzing the details of subjects' performance, rather than by examination of success and failure rates alone. These types of in‐depth analyses can aid in specifying the nature of the impairment, and in illuminating the neural bases of the dysfunction. Examples of useful techniques for analyzing behavior and understanding brain‐behavior relationships are provided. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Effects of elaborative processing on implicit and explicit memory for new associations.

Cited by 235 publications

References 50 publications

Impaired priming of new associations in amnesia.

Impaired priming of new associations in amnesia.

Implicit memory and test awareness.

Assessing cognitive function in animal models of mental retardation

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