Abstract:Background: The mechanism of aerobic improvement after altitude training (AT) has not been resolved yet. Few studies have looked at microcirculation changes after AT in athletes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three male rowers were recruited and divided into either the AT (n = 18, altitude 2,280 m) or the sea level training (ST group, n = 15, altitude 50 m) for 8 weeks training. Microcirculation function was monitored using a laser Doppler flowmeter. VO 2peak and ergometer 5 km time trial (Er5k) were conducted… Show more
“…Microcirculation is the main site for material exchange and metabolite discharge ( Tibirica et al, 2018 ). The microcirculation function is directly related to microcirculation capillary formation and its blood perfusion level ( Meng et al, 2021 ). Skeletal muscle is a highly metabolically active organ that accounts for about 40% of the total body mass; it possesses more microcirculation capillaries than other tissues ( Payne and Bearden, 2006 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Skeletal muscle is a highly metabolically active organ that accounts for about 40% of the total body mass; it possesses more microcirculation capillaries than other tissues ( Payne and Bearden, 2006 ). The skeletal muscle microcirculation is a highly dynamic system, the function of which plays an important role in disease diagnosis, as well as physiological and biomechanical monitoring of athletes ( Nyberg et al, 2015 ; Meng et al, 2021 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Vascular function can be effectively improved by regular physical activity by enhancing vasodilation (Montero et al, 2015;Nyberg et al, 2015). Evidence from a recent study suggested that 8 weeks of hypoxic training increased blood flow in the quadriceps muscles of athletes and enhanced microcirculatory capillary reactivity and endothelial function (Meng et al, 2021). Considering the dual stimulation of hypoxia and exercise, hypoxic training is beneficial in improving an athlete's aerobic capacity (Rodríguez et al, 2015), whereas microcirculation is involved in the process of adaptation to hypoxia (Ovadia-Blechman et al, 2015;Treml et al, 2018).…”
Hypoxic training improves the microcirculation function of human skeletal muscle, but its mechanism is still unclear. Silent information regulator 2 homolog 3 (Sirt3) can improve mitochondrial function and oxidative status. We aimed to examine the role of Sirt3 in the process of hypoxic training, which affects skeletal muscle microcirculation. C57BL/6 mice were assigned to control (C), hypoxic training (HT), Sirt3 inhibitor 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) pyridine (3-TYP), and 3-TYP + hypoxic training (3-TYP + HT) groups (n = 6/group). Sirt3 inhibition was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Sirt3 inhibitor 3-TYP. After 6 weeks of intervention, microcirculatory capillary formation and vasomotor capacity were evaluated using immunofluorescence, Western blot, biochemical tests, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to evaluate skeletal muscle microcirculation blood flow characteristics. Six weeks of hypoxic training enhanced skeletal muscle microcirculation function and increased microcirculatory vasodilation capacity and capillary formation. After the pharmacological inhibition of Sirt3, the reserve capacity of skeletal muscle microcirculation was reduced to varying degrees. After the inhibition of Sirt3, mice completed the same hypoxic training, and we failed to observe the microcirculation function adaptation like that observed in hypoxic training alone. The microcirculation vasodilation and the capillaries number did not improve. Hypoxic training improved skeletal muscle microcirculation vasodilation capacity and increased skeletal muscle microcirculation capillary density. Sirt3 is involved in the adaptation of skeletal muscle microcirculation induced by hypoxic training.
“…Microcirculation is the main site for material exchange and metabolite discharge ( Tibirica et al, 2018 ). The microcirculation function is directly related to microcirculation capillary formation and its blood perfusion level ( Meng et al, 2021 ). Skeletal muscle is a highly metabolically active organ that accounts for about 40% of the total body mass; it possesses more microcirculation capillaries than other tissues ( Payne and Bearden, 2006 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Skeletal muscle is a highly metabolically active organ that accounts for about 40% of the total body mass; it possesses more microcirculation capillaries than other tissues ( Payne and Bearden, 2006 ). The skeletal muscle microcirculation is a highly dynamic system, the function of which plays an important role in disease diagnosis, as well as physiological and biomechanical monitoring of athletes ( Nyberg et al, 2015 ; Meng et al, 2021 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Vascular function can be effectively improved by regular physical activity by enhancing vasodilation (Montero et al, 2015;Nyberg et al, 2015). Evidence from a recent study suggested that 8 weeks of hypoxic training increased blood flow in the quadriceps muscles of athletes and enhanced microcirculatory capillary reactivity and endothelial function (Meng et al, 2021). Considering the dual stimulation of hypoxia and exercise, hypoxic training is beneficial in improving an athlete's aerobic capacity (Rodríguez et al, 2015), whereas microcirculation is involved in the process of adaptation to hypoxia (Ovadia-Blechman et al, 2015;Treml et al, 2018).…”
Hypoxic training improves the microcirculation function of human skeletal muscle, but its mechanism is still unclear. Silent information regulator 2 homolog 3 (Sirt3) can improve mitochondrial function and oxidative status. We aimed to examine the role of Sirt3 in the process of hypoxic training, which affects skeletal muscle microcirculation. C57BL/6 mice were assigned to control (C), hypoxic training (HT), Sirt3 inhibitor 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) pyridine (3-TYP), and 3-TYP + hypoxic training (3-TYP + HT) groups (n = 6/group). Sirt3 inhibition was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Sirt3 inhibitor 3-TYP. After 6 weeks of intervention, microcirculatory capillary formation and vasomotor capacity were evaluated using immunofluorescence, Western blot, biochemical tests, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to evaluate skeletal muscle microcirculation blood flow characteristics. Six weeks of hypoxic training enhanced skeletal muscle microcirculation function and increased microcirculatory vasodilation capacity and capillary formation. After the pharmacological inhibition of Sirt3, the reserve capacity of skeletal muscle microcirculation was reduced to varying degrees. After the inhibition of Sirt3, mice completed the same hypoxic training, and we failed to observe the microcirculation function adaptation like that observed in hypoxic training alone. The microcirculation vasodilation and the capillaries number did not improve. Hypoxic training improved skeletal muscle microcirculation vasodilation capacity and increased skeletal muscle microcirculation capillary density. Sirt3 is involved in the adaptation of skeletal muscle microcirculation induced by hypoxic training.
“…Regarding hematological parameters, hemoglobin parameters demonstrated a likely moderate increase after LHTH training (Bonetti and Hopkins, 2009). Few studies have shown the effects of altitude training on performance in rowers, examining peripheral effects such as cutaneous microcirculation over four to 8 weeks of training (Meng et al, 2019;Meng et al, 2021). However, the evidence regarding the effect of LHTH training on V_O 2max , lactate/ ventilatory thresholds, and exercise economy/efficiency in elite rowers is lacking.…”
Maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max), physiological thresholds, and hemoglobin mass are strong predictors of endurance performance. High values of V̇O2max, maximal aerobic power (MAP), and power output at anaerobic thresholds are key variables in elite rowers. Endurance athletes often use altitude training as a strategy to improve performance. However, no clear evidence exists that training at natural altitude enhances sea-level performance in elite rowers. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of altitude training on rowing-performance parameters at sea level. The study was conducted on eleven rowers (Six females, five males) from the Chilean National Team during a 3-week moderate altitude training (∼2,900 m. a.s.l.) under the live high-train high (LHTH) model. It included a rowing ergometer maximal incremental test and blood analysis (pre and post-altitude). Gas exchange analysis was performed to measure V̇O2max, ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and rowing economy/efficiency (ECR/GE%). LHTL training improves performance-related variables at sea level (V̇Emax: 3.3% (95% CI, 1.2–5.5); hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]): 4.3% (95% CI, 1.7–6.9); hematocrit (%): 4.5% (95% CI, 0.9–8.2); RBC (red blood cells) count: 5.3% (95% CI, 2.3–8.2); power at VT2: 6.9% (95% CI, 1.7–12.1), V̇EVT2: 6.4% (95% CI, 0.4–12.4); power at VT1: 7.3% (95% CI, 1.3–13.3), V̇EVT1: 8.7% (95% CI, 1.6–15.8)) and economy/efficiency-related variables (ECRVT2: 5.3% (95% CI, −0.6 to −10.0); GE(%): 5.8% (95% CI, 0.8–10.7)). The LHTH training decreased breathing economy at MAP (−2.8% (95% CI, 0.1–5.6)), pVT2 (−9.3% (95% CI, −5.9 to −12.7)), and pVT1 (−9.3% (95% CI, −4.1 to −14.4)). Non-significant changes were found for V̇O2max and MAP. This study describes the effects of a 3-week moderate altitude (LHTH training) on performance and economy/efficiency-related variables in elite rowers, suggesting that it is an excellent option to induce positive adaptations related to endurance performance.
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