Effects of eight-week water versus mat pilates on female patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: Double-blind randomized clinical trial

Benefits of aquatic exercise in adults with and without chronic disease—A systematic review with meta‐analysis

“…As previously noted, the properties of the aquatic environment, namely fluctuation, reduced impact and led to the WT being classified as exercises with low osteogenic effects 64,66,67 . Despite this, one of the main purposes of research in most bone diseases is to attempt to lighten the pain caused by the respective diseases, as successfully attained in some investigations 29–34 . Thus, WT seems to be a safe method when the intention is to reduce the pain of these patients.…”

“…Regarding bone diseases, the studies investigated arthritis/osteoarthritis and low back pain. In these studies, the perception of pain, 29–34 balance, 32,34 flexibility, 29,34 and strength 29,34 showed better results, with some also significant effects in quality of life, 29 in anthropometry, 35 and in cardiorespiratory fitness 29 . To observe these greater effects, 6–16 weeks of training, 2–3 times per week, are needed.…”

“…Additionally, we observed that aquatic exercise was ineffective at improving anthropometry in individuals with fibromyalgia. 28 Regarding adults with bone diseases (Figure 3) (ie, osteoarthritis and low back pain), several articles reported substantial progress mainly in the relief of pain (large effect [29][30][31][32][33][34] ), balance (large effect 32,34 ), flexibility (medium 34 and large effect 29 ), and strength (medium 34 and large effect 29 ), but also in the quality of life (large effect 29 ), anthropometry (large effect 35 ), and cardiorespiratory fitness (large effect 29 ). Furthermore, large intervention effects were found in pain, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, quality of life, and strength in the overall analysis of musculoskeletal diseases.…”

“…Nevertheless, the individuals with Parkinson's disease moderately improved the generality of health and physical fitness parameters. Regarding the outcomes with the greatest improvement in several studies were balance 26,32,34,40,45,49,59 and quality of life, 26,29,37,39,41,43,45,46,49 but also in strength 26,29,34,36 and pain, [29][30][31][32][33][34]47 and although little studied, gait also improved significantly. [45][46][47] Some parameters were not affected by WT: anthropometry in individuals with fibromyalgia, 28 diabetes, 60 and hypertension 37,38 ; the lipid profile in subjects with coronary artery disease 35 and hypertension 38 ; cardiorespiratory fitness in people who suffered from a stroke 39,59 and coronary artery disease 36,61 ; and flexibility in individuals with fibromyalgia.…”

“…64,66,67 Despite this, one of the main purposes of research in most bone diseases is to attempt to lighten the pain caused by the respective diseases, as successfully attained in some investigations. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Thus, WT seems to be a safe method when the intention is to reduce the pain of these patients. It should be noted that although water exercise could be unfavorable in the direct increase in bone mineral density, some increases in muscle strength can help to strengthen the bone.…”