Effects of early exercise training on the severity of autonomic dysreflexia following incomplete spinal cord injury in rodents

Harman, Kathryn A.; DeVeau, Kathryn M.; Squair, Jordan W.; West, Christopher R.; Krassioukov, Andrei V.; Magnuson, David S.K.

doi:10.14814/phy2.14969

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…56 Passive hindlimb cycling, swimming, wheel running, and enriched housing had no effect on open field locomotor scores in mice or rats following SCI. 36,81,96,97 Stepping analysis revealed that rats trained on a horizontal ladder task immediately after injury had significantly greater stepping ability after 1 week of training compared to those who received delayed training. 54 Additionally, a strong positive correlation was found between damage in the thoracic dorsal and dorsolateral funiculi at T8 and initial error rate for stepping in early and delayed training groups.…”

Section: Effects Of Early Rehabilitation On Clinical Outcomes 1 Gross...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of exercise balls for activity following SCI showed significant improvement in open field locomotor scores compared to delayed training in rats; however, performance in all groups plateau roughly 2 weeks postinjury [ 56 ]. Passive hindlimb cycling, swimming, wheel running, and enriched housing had no effect on open field locomotor scores in mice or rats following SCI [ 36 , 81 , 96 , 97 ].…”

Section: Effects Of Early Rehabilitation On Clinical Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Acute Physical Interventions on Pathophysiology and Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

et al. 2022

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Physical rehabilitation is essential for enhancing recovery in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI); however, aside from early surgical intervention and hemodynamic management, there are no proven interventions for promoting recovery in the acute phase. In general, early rehabilitation is considered beneficial, but optimal parameters and potential contraindications for implementing rehabilitation at very early time points are unclear. Moreover, clinical trials to date are limited to studies initiating rehabilitation 2 weeks after injury and later. To address these gaps, this article reviews the preclinical literature on physical interventions initiated within the first 8 days postinjury. Effects of early rehabilitation on molecular and structural nervous system changes, behavioral function, and body systems are considered. Most studies utilized treadmill or cycle training as the primary intervention. Treadmill training initiated within the first 3 days and terminated by 1 week after injury worsened autonomic function, inflammation, and locomotor outcomes, while swim training during this period increased microvascular dysfunction. In contrast, lower-intensity rehabilitation such as reach training, ladder training, or voluntary wheel or ball training showed benefits when implemented during the first 3 days. Rehabilitation initiated at 4 days postinjury was also associated with enhanced motor recovery. Cycling appears to have the greatest risk-benefit ratio; however, the effects of cycle training in the first 3 days were not investigated. Overall, research suggests that lower intensity or voluntary rehabilitation during the hyperacute phase is more appropriate until at least 4 days postinjury, at which point higher-intensity activity becomes safer and more beneficial for recovery.

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Section: Effects Of Early Rehabilitation On Clinical Outcomes 1 Gross...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Early Rehabilitation On Clinical Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Acute Physical Interventions on Pathophysiology and Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

et al. 2022

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“…Furthermore, patients with SCI show a 30–50% prevalence of exhibiting symptomatic cardiovascular events, compared to 5–10% in the overall population [ 27 ]. Patients with thoracic and cervical lesion levels show hemodynamic instability [ 28 ]. The cardiovascular complications associated with SCI are: orthostatic hypotension, thromboembolism, autonomic dysreflexia and precordial pain [ 29 ].…”

Section: Sci-associated Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Outcomes of Robotic Rehabilitation Assisted Devices Following Spinal Cord Injury and the Prevention of Secondary Associated Complications

Nistor-Cseppentö¹,

Gherle²,

Negruț³

et al. 2022

Medicina

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Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) have major consequences on the patient’s health and life. Voluntary muscle paralysis caused by spinal cord damage affects the patient’s independence. Following SCI, an irreversible motor and sensory deficit occurs (spasticity, muscle paralysis, atrophy, pain, gait disorders, pain). This pathology has implications on the whole organism: on the osteoarticular, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genito-urinary, skin, metabolic disorders, and neuro-psychic systems. The rehabilitation process for a subject having SCIs can be considered complex, since the pathophysiological mechanism and biochemical modifications occurring at the level of spinal cord are not yet fully elucidated. This review aims at evaluating the impact of robotic-assisted rehabilitation in subjects who have suffered SCI, both in terms of regaining mobility as a major dysfunction in patients with SCI, but also in terms of improving overall fitness and cardiovascular function, respiratory function, as well as the gastrointestinal system, bone density and finally the psychosocial issues, based on multiple clinical trials, and pilot studies. The researched literature in the topic revealed that in order to increase the chances of neuro-motor recovery and to obtain satisfactory results, the combination of robotic therapy, a complex recovery treatment and specific medication is one of the best decisions. Furthermore, the use of these exoskeletons facilitates better/greater autonomy for patients, as well as optimal social integration.

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“…Interestingly, preclinical work has revealed mixed data on the use of exercise to mitigate AD. While one study found that passive hindlimb cycling or active forelimb swimming did not change AD severity after T2 contusion injury in rats [ 130 ], another study found that passive hindlimb cycling after complete T3 transection did reduce the severity of AD [ 131 ]. Other studies have used botulinum toxin, capsaicin, anticholinergics, or surgical procedures to prevent the development or continuation of AD [ 126 ].…”

Section: Potential Interventions To Improve Immunological Function Post-scimentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Immune Dysfunction: A Problem of Central Importance after Spinal Cord Injury

Jeffries

Tom

2021

Biology

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Individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) exhibit increased susceptibility to infection, with pneumonia consistently ranking as a leading cause of death. Despite this statistic, chronic inflammation and concurrent immune suppression have only recently begun to be explored mechanistically. Investigators have now identified numerous changes that occur in the peripheral immune system post-SCI, including splenic atrophy, reduced circulating lymphocytes, and impaired lymphocyte function. These effects stem from maladaptive changes in the spinal cord after injury, including plasticity within the spinal sympathetic reflex circuit that results in exaggerated sympathetic output in response to peripheral stimulation below injury level. Such pathological activity is particularly evident after a severe high-level injury above thoracic spinal cord segment 6, greatly increasing the risk of the development of sympathetic hyperreflexia and subsequent disrupted regulation of lymphoid organs. Encouragingly, studies have presented evidence for promising therapies, such as modulation of neuroimmune activity, to improve regulation of peripheral immune function. In this review, we summarize recent publications examining (1) how various immune functions and populations are affected, (2) mechanisms behind SCI-induced immune dysfunction, and (3) potential interventions to improve SCI individuals’ immunological function to strengthen resistance to potentially deadly infections.

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Effects of early exercise training on the severity of autonomic dysreflexia following incomplete spinal cord injury in rodents

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 7 publications

References 68 publications

Effect of Acute Physical Interventions on Pathophysiology and Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Effect of Acute Physical Interventions on Pathophysiology and Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

The Outcomes of Robotic Rehabilitation Assisted Devices Following Spinal Cord Injury and the Prevention of Secondary Associated Complications

Peripheral Immune Dysfunction: A Problem of Central Importance after Spinal Cord Injury

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