Effects of duration of feedback on signaled avoidance

Conditioned inhibition of emotional responses: Retardation and summation with cues for IAPS outcomes

“…Thus, findings were consistent with the hypothesis that participants should treat the previously trained CI as a safety signal; over time previously neutral stimuli acquire positive properties because they signal the absence of a negative outcome (Cándido, Maldonado, & Vila, 1991;Cicala & Owen, 1976;Dickinson, 1980;Fernando, Urcelay, Mar, Dickinson, & Robbins, 2014;Konorski, 1967;Morris 1975).…”

“…Safety signal stimuli generated by the animal"s actions, provide feedback confirming the successful execution of the avoidance response and can thus act as secondary reinforcers of this behaviour (Cándido et al, 1991;Cicala & Owen, 1976;Dickinson, 1980;Dinsmoor, 2001;Galvany & Twitty, 1978;Morris 1975). In the case of human participants, CSs and CIs would be predicted to be rated differently for emotional valence (Konorski, 1967 (Grillon & Ameli, 2001;He et al, 2011He et al, , 2012Kantini et al, 2011aKantini et al, , 2011bKarazinov & Boakes, 2004;McNally & Reiss, 1984;Migo et al, 2006;Neumann et al, 1997, Wilkinson, 1989 but also in animal studies (Cole et al, 1997;Horne & Pearce, 2010;Pineño, 2010;Rescorla & Holland, 1977;Sansa et al, 2009;Urcelay et al, 2008).…”

Intra-amygdala ZIP injections impair the memory of learned active avoidance responses and attenuate conditioned taste-aversion acquisition in rats

“…Additionally, the effect of ZIP infusion before drinking and 24 h after training was assessed. In a second experiment we explored the effect of bilateral ZIP injections into the BLA on the retention of a learned active avoidance response without navigational requirements, consisting of a vertical jump on hearing a tone in order to avoid a shock (Cándido et al 1988(Cándido et al , 1991(Cándido et al , 2004Manrique et al 2005 (Paxinos and Watson 1998), each rat was deeply anesthetized with acepromacine (1-2 mg/kg) and a ketamine and clobutol mixture (IMALGENE) (150 mg/kg) before undergoing stereotaxic surgery. The 10-mm-long cannulae were inserted bilaterally 4 mm below the skull and fixed with acrylate.…”

“…They were assigned to two groups counterbalancing both morning or afternoon sessions and the previous treatment with SCR or ZIP: ZIP (n ¼ 13) and Scram (n ¼ 10). The learning procedure followed was similar to that described in detail elsewhere (Cándido et al 1988(Cándido et al , 1991(Cándido et al , 2004Manrique et al 2005). In brief, the animals learned to jump upon hearing an 80-dB SPL/1000 Hz warning tone (CS) in order to avoid a 0.8-mA footshock (US) delivered by a LETICA LI 2700 shock-source module.…”

Early learning failure impairs adult learning in rats

“…Lights and cells formed an electrical circuit connected to a response recorder. A vertical jump interrupted the circuit and it was recorded as a response (Cándido, Catena, & Maldonado, 1984;Cándido, Maldonado, & Vila, 1991;Cándido, González, & de Brugada, 2004). A buzzer, producing 80 dB SPL at 24 V, was used as the warning signal.…”