People often experience time pressure when searching, yet the impact of time pressure on search behaviors and outcomes has not been studied extensively by the information science and information retrieval communities. In addition, experimental interactive information retrieval studies often include researcherimposed time limits that may influence participants' search behavior and outcome measures in ways that are not well understood. This research proposes a systematic investigation of imposed time constraints on frequently used interaction measures and participants' perceptions of the search process and outcome.
MOTIVATION"To achieve great things, two things are needed: a plan and not quite enough time." -Leonard Bernstein Savolainen [20] described time as "one of the main contextual factors of information-seeking" and presents three main ways in which time has been considered in studies of information-seeking: "(i) time as a fundamental attribute of situation or context of information seeking, (ii) time as qualifier of access to information, and (iii) time as an indicator of the information-seeking process" (p. 110). Although time is included in descriptions of the context of information retrieval [9] and is a commonly used (yet difficult to interpret) measure of search [4], few studies have examined the impact of limited time on search. Differences in searching behavior have been found to be related to a number of contextual and situational factors including perceived task difficulty [15], search expertise [25], domain expertise [27] and system performance [21]; however, the impact of limited time on information search behaviors and outcomes is little understood.In interactive information retrieval (IIR) studies, researchers often limit the time available to study participants. In a systematic review of IIR literature, Kelly & Sugimoto [12] found variation in how study time limits were imposed or reported. In 39% of the studies researchers set time limits for participants with a mean of 17 minutes (SD=13, median=15). In 4% of studies, researchers explicitly stated that they did not set a time limit; however, researchers did not indicate whether or not there was a time limit in 42% of the reviewed studies. There is some evidence from prior studies (both naturalistic and observational) that time constraints and user-perceived time pressure can lead to differences in the information-seeking process [1, 10]. Very few experimental studies have explicitly examined the impact of time pressure on search behaviors [24], although in some cases, researchers have noted that the time constraints may have altered the behavior or perceptions of study participants [13].Experimental studies of decision-making have more extensively studied the impact of time pressure on information use and decision quality. In these studies, time pressure is experimentally induced through time constraints, instructions to participants to complete tasks quickly, financial incentives or by making participants aware of time passing by including a ...