Effects of Diverse Environmental Conditions on φLC3 Prophage Stability in
            <i>Lactococcus lactis</i>

Lunde, Merete; Aastveit, Are H.; Blatny, Janet Martha; Nes, Ingolf F.

doi:10.1128/aem.71.2.721-727.2005

Cited by 32 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…The neutralophile Helicobacter pylori B45, which inhabits the human gastric mucosa, was shown to induce its phiHP33 bacteriophage after UV irradiation and at a low pH (38,39). The opposite relationship was observed for prophage LC3 of Lactococcus lactis, where a decrease in pH reduced the amount of spontaneously induced prophage (40). In their multifactorial experimental setup, the authors revealed that an increase in the levels of simultaneously acting stressors increased SPI.…”

Section: Extrinsic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Impact of Spontaneous Prophage Induction on the Fitness of Bacterial Populations and Host-Microbe Interactions

2014

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Section: Extrinsic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Impact of Spontaneous Prophage Induction on the Fitness of Bacterial Populations and Host-Microbe Interactions

2014

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“…Nutrient availability is known to influence prophage induction and lytic replication (23)(24)(25). E. faecalis V583 responds to enhanced amino acid availability in culture by inducing ϕV1/7, suggesting that amino acid availability acts as an important environmental cue governing E. faecalis prophage induction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A composite bacteriophage alters colonization by an intestinal commensal bacterium

Duerkop¹,

Clements

Rollins

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

211

194

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The mammalian intestine is home to a dense community of bacteria and its associated bacteriophage (phage). Virtually nothing is known about how phages impact the establishment and maintenance of resident bacterial communities in the intestine. Here, we examine the phages harbored by Enterococcus faecalis, a commensal of the human intestine. We show that E. faecalis strain V583 produces a composite phage (ϕV1/7) derived from two distinct chromosomally encoded prophage elements. One prophage, prophage 1 (ϕV1), encodes the structural genes necessary for phage particle production. Another prophage, prophage 7 (ϕV7), is required for phage infection of susceptible host bacteria. Production of ϕV1/7 is controlled, in part, by nutrient availability, because ϕV1/7 particle numbers are elevated by free amino acids in culture and during growth in the mouse intestine. ϕV1/7 confers an advantage to E. faecalis V583 during competition with other E. faecalis strains in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we propose that E. faecalis V583 uses phage particles to establish and maintain dominance of its intestinal niche in the presence of closely related competing strains. Our findings indicate that bacteriophages can impact the dynamics of bacterial colonization in the mammalian intestinal ecosystem.T he human gastrointestinal tract is colonized with a highly diverse population of bacteria (1). Many of these bacteria produce bacteriophage (phage), further increasing the complexity of this ecosystem. Recent studies of human intestinal viromes have shown that these viromes are dominated by lysogenic prophages that are integrated into the chromosomes of their bacterial hosts (2). In numerous other ecological systems, phages profoundly influence ecological networks by serving as reservoirs of genetic diversity (3, 4) and acting as predators of susceptible bacterial strains (5). However, little is known about how resident phages may influence the assembly and maintenance of bacterial communities in the mammalian intestine.Enterococcus faecalis is an abundant member of the human intestinal microflora, and by adulthood, it can constitute as much as 0.5-0.9% of the total bacterial content of the intestinal tract (Table S1) (6). A Gram-positive facultative anaerobe, E. faecalis is a leading cause of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial bacteremia and endocarditis (7). Genomic sequencing has revealed a high degree of variation among E. faecalis genomes (8). Some of this variation can be attributed to an array of integrated prophage elements that encode components required for the production of phage particles.The first E. faecalis genome to be sequenced was strain V583, a clinical blood isolate that is vancomycin-resistant (9). The V583 chromosome harbors seven putative prophages designated prophages 1-7 (Fig. 1). At least two of these prophage elements seem to encode cryptic or satellite phage genomes (10) that, by themselves, do not produce functional phage particles but may encode accessory components that aid in the lytic cycle of other integrated pro...

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“…In this context, for phage LC3, which infects Lc. lactis strain 3107, it was shown that a decrease in pH caused a reduction in the level of phage induction (569). It has been postulated that changes in the intracellular pH affect the stability and binding features of LexA and CI repressors and thus influence the transcription of their target genes (570).…”

Section: Phage Inductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress Physiology of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Papadimitriou

Alegría

Bron

et al. 2016

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

521

404

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SUMMARYLactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important starter, commensal, or pathogenic microorganisms. The stress physiology of LAB has been studied in depth for over 2 decades, fueled mostly by the technological implications of LAB robustness in the food industry. Survival of probiotic LAB in the host and the potential relatedness of LAB virulence to their stress resilience have intensified interest in the field. Thus, a wealth of information concerning stress responses exists today for strains as diverse as starter (e.g.,Lactococcus lactis), probiotic (e.g., severalLactobacillusspp.), and pathogenic (e.g.,EnterococcusandStreptococcusspp.) LAB. Here we present the state of the art for LAB stress behavior. We describe the multitude of stresses that LAB are confronted with, and we present the experimental context used to study the stress responses of LAB, focusing on adaptation, habituation, and cross-protection as well as on self-induced multistress resistance in stationary phase, biofilms, and dormancy. We also consider stress responses at the population and single-cell levels. Subsequently, we concentrate on the stress defense mechanisms that have been reported to date, grouping them according to their direct participation in preserving cell energy, defending macromolecules, and protecting the cell envelope. Stress-induced responses of probiotic LAB and commensal/pathogenic LAB are highlighted separately due to the complexity of the peculiar multistress conditions to which these bacteria are subjected in their hosts. Induction of prophages under environmental stresses is then discussed. Finally, we present systems-based strategies to characterize the “stressome” of LAB and to engineer new food-related and probiotic LAB with improved stress tolerance.

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Effects of Diverse Environmental Conditions on φLC3 Prophage Stability in Lactococcus lactis

Cited by 32 publications

References 41 publications

Impact of Spontaneous Prophage Induction on the Fitness of Bacterial Populations and Host-Microbe Interactions

Impact of Spontaneous Prophage Induction on the Fitness of Bacterial Populations and Host-Microbe Interactions

A composite bacteriophage alters colonization by an intestinal commensal bacterium

Stress Physiology of Lactic Acid Bacteria

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