Effects of display type and motion control on cybersickness in a virtual bike simulator

Mittelstaedt, Justin Maximilian; Wacker, Jan; Stelling, Dirk

doi:10.1016/j.displa.2018.01.002

Cited by 68 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…One potential tool to screen individuals susceptible to simulator sickness is the MSSQ, which creates a global percentile score based on an individual’s self-reported sickness as a child and adult for nine common modes of transportation. Our study revealed a significant association between global MSSQ motion sickness percentile and total SSQ sickness levels, which has also been reported in other studies (Mittelstaedt et al, 2018). Another option is to measure postural kinematics, as studies have shown that postural instability precedes the onset of motion sickness (Smart Jr et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…To our knowledge, only one study has assessed simulator sickness while cycling in an immersive virtual environment. That study, consisting of healthy younger adult participants, reported a significant increase in adverse effects after cycling on a virtual island (Mittelstaedt et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, only a limited number of studies have utilized VR for exercise, and specifically for cycling (Grealy et al, 1999; Chuang et al, 2003). Only one study, to our knowledge, has combined cycling and spatial navigation in VR, which was conducted in a group of younger adults (Mittelstaedt et al, 2018); thus its application to older adults is unknown. Furthermore, many of these studies have been conducted on non-immersive desktop monitors and projector screens instead of immersive head-mounted (HMD) displays (Grealy et al, 1999; Richardson et al, 1999; Chuang et al, 2003; Cushman et al, 2008; Weniger et al, 2011; Morganti et al, 2013; Cogné et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Cycling and Spatial Navigation in an Enriched, Immersive 3D Virtual Park Environment: A Feasibility Study in Younger and Older Adults

Sakhare

Yang

Stradford

et al. 2019

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Background Cognitive decline is a significant public health concern in older adults. Identifying new ways to maintain cognitive and brain health throughout the lifespan is of utmost importance. Simultaneous exercise and cognitive engagement has been shown to enhance brain function in animal and human studies. Virtual reality (VR) may be a promising approach for conducting simultaneous exercise and cognitive studies. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of cycling in a cognitively enriched and immersive spatial navigation VR environment in younger and older adults. Methods A total of 20 younger (25.9 ± 3.7 years) and 20 older (63.6 ± 5.6 years) adults participated in this study. Participants completed four trials (2 learning and 2 recall) of cycling while wearing a head-mounted device (HMD) and navigating a VR park environment. Questionnaires were administered to assess adverse effects, mood, presence, and physical exertion levels associated with cycling in the VR environment. Results A total of 4 subjects withdrew from the study due to adverse effects, yielding a 90% completion rate. Simulator sickness levels were enhanced in both age groups with exposure to the VR environment but were within an acceptable range. Exposure to the virtual environment was associated with high arousal and low stress levels, suggesting a state of excitement, and most participants reported enjoyment of the spatial navigation task and VR environment. No association was found between physical exertion levels and simulator sickness levels. Conclusion This study demonstrates that spatial navigation while cycling is feasible and that older adults report similar experiences to younger adults. VR may be a powerful tool for engaging physical and cognitive activity in older adults with acceptable adverse effects and with reports of enjoyment. Future studies are needed to assess the efficacy of a combined exercise and cognitive VR program as an intervention for promoting healthy brain aging, especially in older adults with increased risk of age-related cognitive decline.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cycling and Spatial Navigation in an Enriched, Immersive 3D Virtual Park Environment: A Feasibility Study in Younger and Older Adults

Sakhare

Yang

Stradford

et al. 2019

Front. Aging Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The literature on the immediate effects of VR exposure on the ability to react quickly to stimuli is highly inconsistent. Some researchers find negative reaction time aftereffects [ 19 , 57 - 59 ], and others show positive (faster) effects on reaction times [ 60 ]. The type of content, the time in VR, and the method of RT measurements are key reasons for the inconsistent results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exergaming With Beat Saber: An Investigation of Virtual Reality Aftereffects

Szpak¹,

Michalski²,

Loetscher³

2020

J Med Internet Res

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Background Virtual reality (VR) exergaming has the potential to target sedentary behavior. Immersive environments can distract users from the physical exertion of exercise and can motivate them to continue exergaming. Despite the recent surge in VR popularity, numerous users still experience VR sickness from using head-mounted displays (HMDs). Apart from the commonly assessed self-reported symptoms, depth perception and cognition may also be affected. Considering the potential benefits of VR exergaming, it is crucial to identify the adverse effects limiting its potential and continued uptake. Objective This study aims to investigate the consequences of playing one of the most popular VR exergames for 10 and 50 min on aspects of vision, cognition, and self-reported VR sickness. Methods A total of 36 participants played an exergame, called Beat Saber, using an HMD. A repeated measures within-subject design was conducted to assess changes in vision, cognition, and well-being after short (10 min) and long (50 min) durations of VR exposure. We measured accommodation, convergence, decision speed, movement speed, and self-reported sickness at 3 test periods—before VR, immediately after VR, and 40 min after VR (late). Results Beat Saber was well tolerated, as there were no dropouts due to sickness. For most participants, any immediate aftereffects were short-lived and returned to baseline levels after 40 min of exiting VR. For both short and long exposures, there were changes in accommodation (F1,35=8.424; P=.006) and convergence (F1,35=7.826; P=.008); however, in the late test period, participants returned to baseline levels. Measures on cognition revealed no concern. The total simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) scores increased immediately after VR (F1,35=26.515; P<.001) and were significantly higher for long compared with short exposures (t35=2.807; P=.03), but there were no differences in exposure duration in the late test period, with scores returning to baseline levels. Although at a group level, participants’ sickness levels returned to baseline 40 min after VR exposure, approximately 14% of the participants still reported high levels of sickness in the late test period after playing 50 min of Beat Saber. We also showed that the participants who experienced a high level of sickness after a short exposure were almost certain to experience a high level of symptoms after a longer exposure. Conclusions Irrespective of the duration of exposure, this study found no strong evidence for adverse symptoms 40 min after exiting VR; however, some individuals still reported high levels of VR sickness at this stage. We recommend that users commit to a waiting period after exiting VR to ensure that any aftereffects have deteriorated. Exergames in HMDs have the potential to encourage people to exercise but are understudied, and the aftereffects of exergaming need to be closely monitored to ensure that VR exergames can reach their full potential.

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“…Recently, our work has suggested that VRISE are substantially reduced or prevented by VR software that facilitates ergonomic navigation (e.g., physical movement) and interaction (e.g., direct-hand tracking) facilitated by the hardware capabilities (e.g., motion tracking) of commercial, contemporary VR HMDs comparable to or more advanced than the HTC Vive and/or Oculus Rift (Kourtesis et al, 2019). However, there are other factors such as the type of display and its features that may also induce or reduce VRISE (Mittelstaedt et al, 2018; Kourtesis et al, 2019). Nevertheless, we note that adequate technological competence is required to be able to implement appropriate VR hardware and/or software.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the Virtual Reality Neuroscience Questionnaire: Maximum Duration of Immersive Virtual Reality Sessions Without the Presence of Pertinent Adverse Symptomatology

Kourtesis

Collina

Doumas

et al. 2019

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

114

106

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There are major concerns about the suitability of immersive virtual reality (VR) systems (i.e., head-mounted display; HMD) to be implemented in research and clinical settings, because of the presence of nausea, dizziness, disorientation, fatigue, and instability (i.e., VR induced symptoms and effects; VRISE). Research suggests that the duration of a VR session modulates the presence and intensity of VRISE, but there are no suggestions regarding the appropriate maximum duration of VR sessions. The implementation of high-end VR HMDs in conjunction with ergonomic VR software seems to mitigate the presence of VRISE substantially. However, a brief tool does not currently exist to appraise and report both the quality of software features and VRISE intensity quantitatively. The Virtual Reality Neuroscience Questionnaire (VRNQ) was developed to assess the quality of VR software in terms of user experience, game mechanics, in-game assistance, and VRISE. Forty participants aged between 28 and 43 years were recruited (18 gamers and 22 non-gamers) for the study. They participated in 3 different VR sessions until they felt weary or discomfort and subsequently filled in the VRNQ. Our results demonstrated that VRNQ is a valid tool for assessing VR software as it has good convergent, discriminant, and construct validity. The maximum duration of VR sessions should be between 55 and 70 min when the VR software meets or exceeds the parsimonious cut-offs of the VRNQ and the users are familiarized with the VR system. Also, the gaming experience does not seem to affect how long VR sessions should last. Also, while the quality of VR software substantially modulates the maximum duration of VR sessions, age and education do not. Finally, deeper immersion, better quality of graphics and sound, and more helpful in-game instructions and prompts were found to reduce VRISE intensity. The VRNQ facilitates the brief assessment and reporting of the quality of VR software features and/or the intensity of VRISE, while its minimum and parsimonious cut-offs may appraise the suitability of VR software for implementation in research and clinical settings. The findings of this study contribute to the establishment of rigorous VR methods that are crucial for the viability of immersive VR as a research and clinical tool in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology.

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Effects of display type and motion control on cybersickness in a virtual bike simulator

Cited by 68 publications

References 42 publications

Cycling and Spatial Navigation in an Enriched, Immersive 3D Virtual Park Environment: A Feasibility Study in Younger and Older Adults

Cycling and Spatial Navigation in an Enriched, Immersive 3D Virtual Park Environment: A Feasibility Study in Younger and Older Adults

Exergaming With Beat Saber: An Investigation of Virtual Reality Aftereffects

Validation of the Virtual Reality Neuroscience Questionnaire: Maximum Duration of Immersive Virtual Reality Sessions Without the Presence of Pertinent Adverse Symptomatology

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