This version is made available in accordance with publishers' policies. All material made available by CReaTE is protected by intellectual property law, including copyright law. Any use made of the contents should comply with the relevant law.Contact: create.library@canterbury.ac.uk Improved gross efficiency during long duration submaximal cycling following a short-term high carbohydrate diet To assess the effect of short-term dietary manipulation on gross efficiency, 15 trained male cyclists (V O2max 56.3±7.0ml . kg -1. min -1 ,mean±SD) completed 3 x 2-hour tests at a submaximal exercise intensity (60% Power at V O2max). Using a randomised, crossover design participants consumed an isocalorific diet (~4000kcal . day -1 ) in the 3-days preceding each test, that was either high in carbohydrate (HighCHO, [70%carbohydrate, 20%fat, 10%protein]), low in carbohydrate (LowCHO, [70%fat, 20%carbohydrate, 10%protein]) or contained a moderate amount of carbohydrate (ModCHO, [45%carbohydrate, 45%fat, 10%protein). Gross efficiency (GE) along with blood lactate and glucose were assessed every 30mins, and heart rate was measured at 5second intervals throughout the test. Mean GE was significantly greater following the HighCHO diet than the ModCHO diet (HighCHO=20.4%±0.1%, Mod CHO=19.6±0.2%;P<0.001). Additionally, HighCHO GE was significantly greater after 25mins and 85mins than in the Low CHO Condition (P=0.015;P=0.021). Heart rate responses in the HighCHO condition were significantly lower than during the LowCHO tests (P=0.005). Dietary manipulation had no effect on blood glucose or blood lactate during exercise (P>0.05). In conclusion, significant differences in gross efficiency were obtained following alteration of participants' diet in the 3-days preceding assessment. This suggests that before the measurement of gross efficiency takes place, participants' diet should be carefully controlled and monitored to ensure the validity of the results obtained. To assess the effect of dietary manipulation on gross efficiency (GE), 15 trained male cyclists completed 3 x 2 hour tests at a submaximal exercise intensity (60% Maximal Minute Power). Using a randomized, crossover design participants consumed an isoenergetic diet (~4000 kcal.day-1) in the 3 days preceding each test, that was either high in carbohydrate (HighCHO, [70% of the total energy derived from carbohydrate, 20% fat, 10% protein]), low in carbohydrate (LowCHO, [70% fat, 20% carbohydrate, 10% protein]) or contained a moderate amount of carbohydrate (ModCHO, [45% carbohydrate, 45% fat, 10% protein). GE along with blood lactate and glucose were assessed every 30 minutes, and heart rate was measured at 5 second intervals throughout. Mean GE was significantly greater following the HighCHO than the ModCHO diet (HighCHO=20.4% ± 0.1%, ModCHO=19.6 ± 0.2%;P<0.001). Additionally, HighCHO GE was significantly greater after 25mins (P=0.015) and 85mins (P=0.021) than in the LowCHO condition. Heart rate responses in the HighCHO condition were significantly lower than during the LowCHO...