Effects of dietary zinc source on the metabolic and immunological response to lipopolysaccharide in lactating Holstein dairy cows

Horst, E.A.; Mayorga, E.J.; Al‐Qaisi, Mohmmad; Abeyta, M.A.; Goetz, B.M.; Ramírez, Hugo; Kleinschmit, D.H.; Baumgard, Lance H.

doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17037

Cited by 19 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(144 reference statements)

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“…Perhaps one of the most intriguing results of our study was the markedly different pattern in circulating LBP in response to LPS. In contrast to previous LPS infusion studies, which demonstrate a continuous increase in LBP for ~24 h (Horst et al, 2018(Horst et al, , 2019a(Horst et al, , 2020, we observed an abrupt decrease below baseline values at 12 h after LPS infusion. Interestingly, this decrease occurred concurrently with the NEFA plateau and peak TG concentrations.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…It is of interest to further evaluate the connection between increased lipid, LPS concentrations, and insulin secretion. In agreement with previous experiments (Horst et al, 2019a), LPS increased circulating glucagon which is a potent stimulator of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, thereby (presumably) providing additional glucose for leukocyte use. Furthermore, we observed a continued increase in circulating BUN in the LPS cows following termination of IL infusion relative to controls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Circulating NEFA from LPS cows reached steady state concentrations of approximately 0.5 mmol/L at 12 h after the start of lipid infusion. Although NEFA concentrations exceeded levels observed in our previous LPS reports (Kvidera et al, 2017;Horst et al, 2018Horst et al, , 2019a, they did not reach levels typically observed in periparturient cows experiencing fatty liver (Bobe et al, 2004;Ametaj et al, 2005). Potential factors contributing to the blunted response may include less endogenous NEFA and reduced circulating TG hydrolysis.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

“…Across species, several well-conserved metabolic alterations are employed during immune activation to meet the energetic requirements of leukocytes (Filkins, 1978;Lanza-Jacoby et al, 1998;McGuinness, 2005), and these have been described in detail in our previous ruminant publications (Kvidera et al, 2017;Horst et al, 2018Horst et al, , 2019aHorst et al, ,b, 2020. In brief, a biphasic response in circulating glucose is observed in response to LPS with an initial period of hyperglycemia followed by hypoglycemia (Kvidera et al, 2017;Horst et al, 2018Horst et al, , 2019a. During the hyperglycemic phase, glucose appearance from glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis outweighs leukocyte glucose consumption, but, within ~2 h leukocyte glucose utilization predominates and hypoglycemia develops.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating acute inflammation's effects on hepatic triglyceride content in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic dairy cows in late lactation

Horst

Brink

Mayorga

et al. 2020

Journal of Dairy Science

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Inflammation appears to be a predisposing factor and key component of hepatic steatosis in a variety of species. Objectives were to evaluate effects of inflammation [induced via intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion] on metabolism and liver lipid content in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic lactating cows. Cows (765 ± 32 kg of body weight; 273 ± 35 d in milk) were enrolled in 2 experimental periods (P); during P1 (5 d), baseline data were obtained. At the start of P2 (2 d), cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: (1) intralipid plus control (IL-CON; 3 mL of saline; n = 5) or (2) intralipid plus LPS (IL-LPS; 0.375 μg of LPS/kg of body weight; n = 5). Directly following intravenous bolus (saline or LPS) administration, intralipid (20% fat emulsion) was intravenously infused continuously (200 mL/h) for 16 h to induce hyperlipidemia during which feed was removed. Blood samples were collected at −0.5, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 48 h relative to bolus administration, and liver biopsies were obtained on d 1 of P1 and at 16 and 48 h after the bolus. By experimental design (feed was removed during the first 16 h of d 1), dry matter intake decreased in both treatments on d 1 of P2, but the magnitude of reduction was greater in LPS cows. Dry matter intake of IL-LPS remained decreased on d 2 of P2, whereas IL-CON cows returned to baseline. Milk yield decreased in both treatments during P2, but the extent and duration was longer in LPS-infused cows. Administering LPS increased circulating LPS-binding protein (2-fold) at 8 h after bolus, after which it markedly decreased (84%) below baseline for the remainder of P2. Serum amyloid A concentrations progressively increased throughout P2 in IL-LPS cows (3-fold, relative to controls). Lipid infusion gradually increased nonesterified fatty acids and triglycerides in both treatments relative to baseline (3-and 2.5-fold, respectively). Interestingly, LPS infusion blunted the peak in nonesterified fatty acids, such that concentrations peaked (43%) higher in IL-CON compared with IL-LPS cows and heightened the increase in serum triglycerides (1.5-fold greater relative to controls). Liver fat content remained similar in IL-LPS relative to P1 at 16 h; however, hyperlipidemia alone (IL-CON) increased liver fat (36% relative to P1). No treatment differences in liver fat were observed at 48 h. In IL-LPS cows, circulating insulin increased markedly at 4 h after bolus (2-fold relative to IL-CON), and then gradually decreased during the 16 h of lipid infusion. Inducing inflammation with simultaneous hyperlipidemia altered the characteristic patterns of insulin and LPS-binding protein but did not cause fatty liver.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating acute inflammation's effects on hepatic triglyceride content in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic dairy cows in late lactation

Horst

Brink

Mayorga

et al. 2020

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…For LPS-Con cows, milk Ca deficit was used solely to calculate the total Ca deficit. For LPS-Ca cows, milk Ca deficit plus the amount of Ca infused to maintain eucalcemia were combined to obtain the total Ca deficit, and this approach is similar to how we calculated the glucose deficit in our previous LPSeuglycemic clamp papers (Kvidera et al, 2017;Horst et al, 2018Horst et al, , 2019.…”

Section: Calculations and Statistical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of maintaining eucalcemia following immunoactivation in lactating Holstein dairy cows

Horst

Mayorga

Al‐Qaisi

et al. 2020

Journal of Dairy Science

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Periparturient hypocalcemia is a common metabolic disorder and it is ostensibly associated with negative health and production outcomes. Acute infection also markedly decreases circulating Ca, but the reasons for and consequences of it on physiological and immunological parameters are unknown. Objectives were to evaluate the effects of maintaining eucalcemia on production, metabolic, and immune variables following an intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Twelve multiparous lactating Holstein cows (717 ± 20 kg of body weight; 176 ± 34 d in milk; parity 3 ± 0.2) were enrolled in a study containing 2 experimental periods (P); during P1 (3 d), cows consumed feed ad libitum and baseline values were obtained. At the initiation of P2 (4 d), cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: (1) LPS administered (LPS-Con; 0.5 μg/kg of body weight LPS; n = 6) or (2) LPS administered + eucalcemic clamp (LPS-Ca; 0.5 μg/kg of body weight LPS; Ca infusion; n = 6). Cows were fasted for the first 12 h during P2. After LPS administration, ionized Ca was determined every 15 min for 6 h and every 30 min for an additional 6 h and intravenous Ca infusion was adjusted in LPS-Ca cows to maintain eucalcemia. Blood ionized Ca was decreased 23% for the first 12 h postbolus in LPS-Con cows, and by design, Ca infusion prevented hypocalcemia. To maintain eucalcemia for the 12 h, 13.7 g of Ca was infused. The total Ca deficit (including Ca not secreted into milk) accumulated over the 12 h was 10.4 and 20.2 g for the LPS-Con and LPS-Ca treatments, respectively. Mild hyperthermia (0.8°C) occurred for ~6 h post-LPS administration relative to P1. From 6 to 7 h postbolus rectal temperature from LPS-Ca cows was increased (0.6°C) relative to LPS-Con cows. On d 1 of P2, milk yield decreased (61%) in both treatments relative to P1. Relative to LPS-Con cows, milk yield decreased (15%) in LPS-Ca cows during P2. Overall, circulating LPS-binding protein continuously increased postbolus, and at 24 h LPS-binding protein levels in LPS-Ca cows were increased (80%) relative to LPS-Con cows. During P2, serum amyloid A increased (4-fold) in both treatments relative to P1. Administering LPS initially decreased circulating neutrophils, then cell counts progressively increased with time. Calcium infusion decreased neutrophil counts (40%) from 9 to 12 h postbolus relative to LPS-Con cows. Neutrophil function, as assessed by oxidative burst and myeloperoxidase production, did not differ due to treatment. In summary, maintaining eucalcemia (via intravenous Ca infusion) during an immune challenge appeared to intensify inflammation and adversely affect lactation performance.

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Nano-sized zinc addition enhanced mammary zinc translocation without altering health status of dairy cows

et al. 2021

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This study aimed to evaluate role of nano-sized zinc (Zn) on lactation performance, health status, and mammary permeability of lactating dairy cows. Thirty multiparous dairy cows with similar days in milk (158 ± 43.2) and body weight (694 ± 60.5 kg) were chosen based on parity and milk production and were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups: basal diet (control, 69.6 mg/kg of Zn adequate in Zn requirement), basal diet additional Zn-methionine (Zn-Met, providing 40 mg/kg of Zn), and basal diet additional nano-sized Zn oxide (nZnO, providing 40 mg/kg of Zn). The study lasted for 10 wk, with the first 2 wk as adaptation. Feed intake, milk yield and the related variables, and plasma variables were determined every other week. Blood hematological profiles were determined in the 8th week of the study. We found that feed intake, milk yield, and milk composition were similar across the 3 groups. The nZnO- and Zn-Met-fed cows had greater milk Zn concentrations in the milk (3.89 mg/L (Zn-Met) and 3.93 mg/L (nZnO)) and plasma (1.25 mg/L (Zn-Met) and 1.29 mg/L (nZnO)) than the control cows (3.79 mg/L in milk and 1.21 mg/L in plasma). The nZnO-fed cows had higher Zn concentrations in plasma but not in milk compared to Zn-Met-fed cows. The Zn appearance in milk was greater in nZnO-fed (area under curve during the first 4 h post-feeding for milk Zn: 16.1 mg/L) and Zn-Met-fed cows (15.7 mg/L) than in control cows (15.0 mg/L). During the first 4 h post-feeding, milk to blood Zn ratio was greater in nZnO-fed animals but lower in Zn-Met-fed cows compared with control cows. Oxidative stress-related variables in plasma, blood hematological profiles, and mammary permeability related variables were not different across treatments. In summary, lactation performance, Zn concentrations in milk and plasma, hematological profiles, mammary permeability were similar in cows fed nZnO and Zn-Met. We therefore suggested that nZnO feeding can improve Zn bioavailability without impairing lactation performance, health status, and mammary gland permeability in dairy cows.

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Effects of dietary zinc source on the metabolic and immunological response to lipopolysaccharide in lactating Holstein dairy cows

Cited by 19 publications

References 106 publications

Evaluating acute inflammation's effects on hepatic triglyceride content in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic dairy cows in late lactation

Evaluating acute inflammation's effects on hepatic triglyceride content in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic dairy cows in late lactation

Effects of maintaining eucalcemia following immunoactivation in lactating Holstein dairy cows

Nano-sized zinc addition enhanced mammary zinc translocation without altering health status of dairy cows

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