Effects of Dietary Vegetable Oil Mixtures including Soybean Oil on Intestinal Oxidative Stress in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)

Abstract

Fish oil is commonly replaced by vegetable oils in sea bream diets, but little is known about their effects on intestinal health regarding oxidative stress biomarkers. The negative effects of lipid peroxidation on digestive mucosa could have consequences in animal nutrition and welfare. In this study, five isonitrogenous (46%) and isolipidic (22%) diets with 75% of vegetable oils inclusion were evaluated: soybean oil (S) alone or different mixtures containing soybean oil with linseed (SL), linseed and rapeseed (SLR), linseed and palm (SLP), and linseed, rapeseed, and palm (SLRP). Gilthead sea bream juveniles were fed twice a day for 18 weeks. Pyloric caeca and proximal intestine samples were collected 24 h post feeding for lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, and GR) and gene expression analyses. Pyloric caeca presented larger unhealthy changes in oxidative status than proximal intestine. Although SL-fed fish showed the highest antioxidant activities, they were unable to cope with LPO that in pyloric caeca was 31.4 times higher than in the other groups. Instead, SLP fish presented the best oxidative status, with low LPO levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and gene expression. In summary, between the vegetable oils dietary mixtures tested, SPL would maintain better intestinal health.

Oxidative Status of the Pyloric Caeca and Proximal Intestine in Gilthead Sea Bream Fed Diets Including Different Vegetable Oil Blends from Palm, Rapeseed and Linseed

“…Therefore, as fish flesh reflects the composition of the given diet, LPO must be considered in these types of studies [21]. In this sense, in a recent study on gilthead sea bream, it was demonstrated that the inclusion of a soybean and linseed oil blend in the diet could negatively affect the intestinal oxidative status, triggering exacerbated LPO levels that antioxidant enzymes cannot counteract [4]. Despite this, it was also observed that the oxidative status improved if palm and/or rapeseed oil were also added to the previous blend.…”

“…Next, homogenates were centrifuged for 15 min (2400 rpm; 4 • C; Eppendorf, 5418R), and supernatants were stored at −80 • C until the oxidative stress markers analysis. All enzymatic analyses were determined spectrophotometrically using a Tecan M200 spectrophotometer (Tecan Trading AG, Männedorf, Switzerland) at 25 ± 0.5 • C according to García-Meilán et al [4]. Briefly, total SOD (EC 1.15.1.1) activity was determined at 550 nm according to Mccord and Fridovich [45] with some modifications.…”

“…Gene expression (mRNA) analyses were performed by qPCR using a CFX384 real-time system (Bio-Rad, El Prat de Llobregat, Spain), according to the requirements of the MIQE guidelines [52]. The antioxidant genes examined in PC and PI, whose expression was previously validated for gilthead sea bream [4], were the following: sod1 and sod2, cat, gpx1, and gpx4, gr, and gst. While β-actin, elongation factor 1 alpha, ef1α, and ribosomal protein S18, rps18 were used as reference genes.…”

“…Cellular metabolism and its environmental interactions led to a natural formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but an imbalance in ROS production and removal negatively affects fish tissues and welfare [1][2][3][4]. ROS levels promote DNA damage, enzyme inactivation, protein oxidation, and lipid peroxidation (LPO), with the latter considered the hallmark of oxidative stress [5].…”

The Influence of Selected Insecticides on the Oxidative Response of Atta sexdens (Myrmicinae, Attini) Workers

“…Its effect on GSH content in ants exposed for 48 h shows that soybean oil can cause oxidative stress, playing a key role when used as pesticide vehicle in leafcutter ants. Nutrition stress caused by high-fat diets can exacerbate the ROS production, inducing tissue oxidative damage (Halliwell and Gutteridge 2015 , García-Meilán et al 2023 ).…”