Effects of dietary supplementation ofHaematococcus pluvialispowder on gonadal development, coloration and antioxidant capacity of adult male Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

Abstract

The green algae Haematococcus pluvialis is an important source of natural astaxanthin as feed additive. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of H. pluvialis powder on gonadal development, coloration and antioxidant capacity of adult male Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, and four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% of H. pluvialis powder. There were four treatments (defined as D1~D4) in this study and each treatment had three replicates. Dietary H. pluvialis contents had no significant effects on survival, body weight gain rate and gonadal development of male E. sinensis. For colour parameters, the total carotenoids content in carapace and hepatopancreas as well as hepatopancreatic lightness (L*) and carapace redness (a*) increased significantly with increasing dietary H. pluvialis (p < 0.05). For the antioxidant indices in the serum, D4 had the lowest activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), but the highest glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), while the malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and hepatopancreas decreased significantly with the rising content of dietary H. pluvialis (p < 0.05); D1 had the highest levels of SOD, POD and GSH‐Px in hepatopancreas. For the non‐specific immune indices, the highest activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GT) were found on the serum of D3 and D4 (p < 0.05). D1 had the highest levels of ACP and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in hepatopancreas, while D2 and D3 had the lowest levels of ALP and ACP respectively. These results suggested the optimal dietary natural astaxanthin level was around 40 mg/kg diets.

Effects of supplemental dietaryHaematococcus pluvialison growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune responses and resistance toVibrio harveyichallenge of spotted sea bassLateolabrax maculatus

“…T‐AOC levels showed a trend of “U shape pattern” with increasing dietary H. pluvialis supplementation and the highest level was observed in T3 diet, which indicated that suitable dietary H. pluvialis could enhance the antioxidant capacity of L. maculates . This result was in accordance with previously published researches on discus fish Symphysodon haraldi (Wang et al., 2016) and Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (Wu et al., 2017). H. pluvialis can accumulate high‐content astaxanthin which has significant effects on scavenging free radicals and improving antioxidant capacity of aquatic animals (Chien & Shiau, 2005; Sheikhzadeh, et al., 2012a, 2012b).…”

“…CAT, SOD and GPX are closely relevant to scavenge free radicals and protect the important cellular macromolecules and organelles from oxidative damage (Firat et al., 2011; Misra & Niyogi, 2009; Wang et al., 2018). Our results showed that the levels of CAT, SOD and GPX in the liver of L. maculates decreased significantly with increasing dietary H. pluvialis , similar to the results on Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (Wu et al., 2017), large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea (Li et al., 2014) and juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Pham et al., 2014). The higher the antioxidant enzymes level is, the more superoxide radicals need to be eliminated (Yang et al., 2010).…”

“…The T-AOC levels decreasing in fish of T4 and T5 diets could be linked to two main reasons. Firstly, the level of astaxanthin in liver of fish increased with increasing dietary H. pluvialis levels, and the overmuch astaxanthin would scavenge more oxygen free radical, which may result in the reducing of substrates of antioxidant enzyme in liver (Niu et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2017); consequently, the lower levels of substrates of antioxidant enzyme may lead to the decreasing levels of T-AOC in fish of T4 and T5 diet. Secondly, excessive absorption of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis would increase the biosynthesis of vitamin A (Britton, 2008) and excessive level of vitamin A had a toxic effect on organism (Dall, 1995), which may lead to the lower levels of T-AOC in fish of T4 and T5 diet.…”

“…Haematococcus pluvialis is a unicellular green microalga which has a commercial value owing to its ability to accumulate abundant astaxanthin under stressful conditions such as high light, high temperature, high salinity, and nitrogen deficiency (Ambati et al, 2014;Lei et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2012). In aquaculture, H. pluvialis has been proved to have growth performance and survival rate promoting, skin pigmentation enhancing, antioxidant capacity improving in different aquatic animals, such as red devil Cichlasoma Citrinellum (Pan & Chien, 2009), rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Sheikhzadeh et al, 2012a(Sheikhzadeh et al, , 2012b, discus fish Symphysodon haraldi (Wang et al, 2016), and Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (Wu et al, 2017). In recent years, H. pluvialis has received more attention mainly as it can improve the immune capacity, the stress tolerance and disease resistance of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea (Li et al, 2014), pufferfish Takifugu obscurus (Cheng et al, 2018), yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Liu et al, 2016) and white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Xie et al, 2018).…”

The combined effect of vitamin E, arachidonic acid,Haemtococcus pluvialis, nucleotides and yeast extract on growth and ovarian development of crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) by the orthogonal array design

“…Based on this method, in this study, we used the L16 (4 5 ) orthogonal array, which arranged five factors varied at four levels (Table 2) to test the effect of combined VE, NT, H.P, ARA and YE on the growth and reproduction of female RC crayfish according to Ref. (Arshadi et al., 2018; Li et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2017; Xu, Zhang, et al, 2017; Zhang et al., 2019), respectively. The detailed ingredients of the diets used in these sixteen trials for RC crayfish are shown in Table 1.…”