Effects of dietary soy isoflavones and soy protein source on response of weanling pigs to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viral infection

Smith, Brooke N; Morris, Antrison; Oelschlager, Maci L.; connor, J. M.; Dilger, Ryan N.

doi:10.1093/jas/skz135

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…However, it is unclear if the improved performance is due to increased concentration of crude protein ( CP ) and AA, or the increase in bioactive antioxidant compounds (i.e., isoflavones) found within soybean meal. The latter has yielded mixed results in PRRSV-infected pigs ( Greiner et al, 2000 ; Smith et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing the ratio of SID lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge

Jasper

Mendoza²,

Shull³

et al. 2020

Journal of Animal Science

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) compromises pig performance. However, increasing standardized ileal digestible Lys per Mcal metabolizable energy (SID Lys:ME) above requirement has been shown to mitigate reduced performance seen during a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing the dietary SID Lys:ME from 100% National Research Council (NRC) requirement to 120% of the requirement in vaccinated (vac+; modified live vaccine Ingelvac PRRS) and non-vaccinated (vac−; no PRRS vaccine) grower pigs subjected to a PRRSV challenge. In addition, the dietary formulation approach to achieve the 120% ratio by increasing Lys relative to energy (HL) or diluting energy in relation to Lys (LE) was evaluated. This allowed us to test the hypothesis that pigs undergoing a health challenge would have the ability to eat to their energy needs. Within vaccine status, 195 mixed-sex pigs, vac+ (35.2 ± 0.60 kg body weight [BW]) and vac− (35.2 ± 0.65 kg BW) were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (2.67, 3.23, or 3.22 g SID Lys:ME) for a 42-d PRRS virus challenge study representing 100%, 120%, and 120% of NRC requirement, respectively. Pigs were randomly allotted across two barns, each containing 24 pens with 7 to 10 pigs per pen (8 pens per diet per vaccine status). On day post-inoculation 0, both barns were inoculated with PRRSV and started on experimental diets. Within vaccine status, weekly and overall challenge period pig performance were assessed. In both vac+ (P < 0.05) and vac− (P < 0.05) pigs, the HL and LE diets increased end BW and overall average daily gain (ADG) ADG compared with pigs fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Overall, average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the challenge period was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the LE diet compared with pigs fed control and HL treatments, regardless of vaccine status (20% and 17% higher ADFI than the control in vac+ and vac− pigs, respectively). The HL vac+ pigs had the greatest gain to feed (G:F) compared with the control and LE pigs (0.438 vs. 0.394 and 0.391 kg/kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Feed efficiency was not impacted (P > 0.10) by treatment in the vac− pigs. In summary, PRRSV-challenged grower pigs consumed feed to meet their energy needs as indicated by the increase in ADFI when energy was diluted in the (LE) diet, compared with control pigs. In both PRRS vac+ and vac− pigs subsequently challenged with PRRSV, regardless of formulation approach, fed 120% SID Lys:ME diets resulted in enhanced overall growth performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing the ratio of SID lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge

Jasper

Mendoza²,

Shull³

et al. 2020

Journal of Animal Science

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“…influenza, mycoplasma pneumonia) severely impair growth and feed conversion during an infection period, and that soybean meal ameliorates these growth-suppressing effects . This was later confirmed in a study with influenzavirus-infected pigs (Gene Gourley and Dean Boyd, unpublished research) and with weaned pigs that were deliberately infected with PRRSv (Rochell et al, 2015;Smith et al, 2019).…”

Section: Soybean Ameliorates Respiratory Immune Stressmentioning

confidence: 78%

Review: innovation through research in the North American pork industry

Boyd

Zier-Rush²,

Moeser

et al. 2019

Animal

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This article involved a broad search of applied sciences for milestone technologies we deem to be the most significant innovations applied by the North American pork industry, during the past 10 to 12 years. Several innovations shifted the trajectory of improvement or resolved significant production limitations. Each is being integrated into practice, with the exception being gene editing technology, which is undergoing the federal approval process. Advances in molecular genomics have been applied to gene editing for control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and to identify piglet genome contributions from each parent. Post-cervical artificial insemination technology is not novel, but this technology is now used extensively to accelerate the rate of genetic progress. A milestone was achieved with the discovery that dietary essential fatty acids, during lactation, were limiting reproduction. Their provision resulted in a dose-related response for pregnancy, pregnancy maintenance and litter size, especially in maturing sows and ultimately resolved seasonal infertility. The benefit of segregated early weaning (12 to 14 days of age) was realized for specific pathogen removal for genetic nucleus and multiplication. Application was premature for commercial practice, as piglet mortality and morbidity increased. Early weaning impairs intestinal barrier and mucosal innate immune development, which coincides with diminished resilience to pathogens and viability later in life. Two important milestones were achieved to improve precision nutrition for growing pigs. The first involved the updated publication of the National Research Council nutrient requirements for pigs, a collaboration between scientists from America and Canada. Precision nutrition advanced further when ingredient description, for metabolically available amino acids and net energy (by source plant), became a private sector nutrition product. The past decade also led to fortuitous discoveries of health-improving components in ingredients (xylanase, soybeans). Finally, two technologies converged to facilitate timely detection of multiple pathogens in a population: oral fluids sampling and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for pathogen analysis. Most critical diseases in North America are now routinely monitored by oral fluid sampling and prepared for analysis using PCR methods.

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“…The benefits of SBM on growth performance, especially for health-challenged pigs, have also been hypothesized to be driven by bioactive components such as isoflavones and saponins, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-viral properties (Smith and Dilger 16 ; Smith et al 17 ). However, the known available research is inconsistent regarding the effects of isoflavones on growth performance of pigs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Caloric Efficiency to Estimate the Energy Value of Soybean Meal Relative to Corn and Its Effects on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Cemin¹,

Tokach²,

Dritz³

et al. 2019

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

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An experiment was conducted to estimate the energy value of soybean meal (SBM) relative to corn and determine the effects of increasing amounts of SBM in nursery pig diets. A total of 2,233 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, Hendersonville, TN), initially 24.2 lb body weight (BW), were placed in 92 pens with 20 to 27 mixed gender pigs per pen. After weaning, pigs were fed common diets for 21 d and then assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as the blocking factor. Treatment diets consisted of 21, 27, 33, or 39% SBM, obtained by changing the amount of feed-grade amino acids (AA) and corn, and were fed for 21 d. Soybean meal NE value used in diet formulation was 947 kcal/lb. There were 23 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed efficiency (F/G), and caloric efficiency (CE). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with block as a random effect and treatment as a fixed effect. Single degree-of-freedom contrasts were constructed to test the linear and quadratic effects of increasing SBM. There was a tendency (P = 0.090) for a quadratic response for ADG, with an improvement observed up to 33% SBM. There was a tendency (linear, P = 0.092) for a decrease in ADFI as dietary SBM increased. Pigs fed diets with increasing SBM had a tendency (quadratic, P = 0.066) for an improvement in F/G up to 33% SBM then returned to control values when 39% SBM was fed. There was an improvement (linear, P = 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.065) in CE with increasing SBM. Using CE as a means to estimate the energy content of SBM relative to corn, a value of 105.4% of corn energy or 1,277 kcal/lb NE was determined using all 4 data points. When removing the CE value of the 39% SBM treatment due to the quadratic tendency and just using the linear portion of the CE response, SBM was estimated to have 121.1% of corn energy or 1,468 kcal/lb NE. In conclusion, the results of the current study suggest that feeding SBM up to 33% improves ADG, F/G, and CE. The energy value of SBM is estimated between 105 and 121% of corn, much greater than the current suggested value of 78% of corn. This has important ramifications as it increases the value of SBM in diet formulation.

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Effects of dietary soy isoflavones and soy protein source on response of weanling pigs to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viral infection

Cited by 18 publications

References 27 publications

Increasing the ratio of SID lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge

Increasing the ratio of SID lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge

Review: innovation through research in the North American pork industry

Using Caloric Efficiency to Estimate the Energy Value of Soybean Meal Relative to Corn and Its Effects on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

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