Effects of Dietary Protein Level on Growth and Ammonia Excretion of Leopard Coral Grouper, Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepede, 1802)

Abstract

The effects of dietary protein level on the growth performance and ammonia excretion of the leopard coral grouper,Plectropomus leopardus were investigated for eight weeks. Fish were fed diets with 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60%

Dietary protein requirement in common snook (Centropomus undecimalis ) juveniles reared in marine and brackish water

“…Protein, being one of the most expensive and important nutrients in the formulation of sh diets, needs to be properly determined in the feed to improve growth, reduce ammonia excretion and decrease production costs (Xia et al 2015). According to Concha-Frías et al (2016), digestion of proteins starts in the stomach, which has an acidic environment, through the action of pepsin and continues in the intestine in an alkaline environment where greater trypsin activity is observed (Blewett et al 2006).…”

“…in dietary protein levels produces an increase in average weight and nal length, FCF, AWG, DWG, and K until reaching maximum values with the 50% protein diet, with a direct correlation between growth and the amount of protein in the diet, which has been reported for various sh species (Santigosa et al 2011a, Prasad 2014, while an excess of proteins in the diet can stimulate increased trypsin production, which increases both satiety and energy costs used for ammonia excretion. Therefore, an increase in protein catabolism reduces the use of other nutrients (carbohydrates and lipids) as an energy source, due to deamination, which causes greater feed intake and low protein utilization (Morgane and www.ujat.mx/era Fountoulaki 2014), while a greater release of amino acids causes a greater concentration of ammonia in the plasma, which can be toxic (Ozório et al 2009), and reduces growth (Mohseni et al 2013) and PER, as has been seen in the leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus, Lacepede, 1802) and the Yellow cat sh (Horabargus brachysoma, Günther, 1864) (Prasad 2014, Xia et al 2015. In this same aspect, the high PER values in diets with low protein percentages are usually due to the u-pregulation of amino acid transport as a response to the compensation for a nutritional de cit in the diet (Santigosa et al 2011a, b).…”

“…An insu cient protein level produces low growth, while an excess results in a surplus of amino acids that are used to produce energy, which increases the level of ammonium excretion to the system and causes a poor immune response in sh (Xia et al 2015). Fish of the genus Centropomus are marine species with the vast majority of them having euryhaline characteristics, along with the ability to inhabit waters in the range of 5 to 35 UPS, and to adapt physiologically to osmoregulation in the short and long term, with a variable energy cost (Sterzelecki et al 2013).…”

Influence of dietary protein level on growth performance, digestibility and activity of immunity‐related enzymes of leopard coral grouper,Plectropomus leopardus(Lacépède, 1802)

“…Plectropomus leopardus has been overexploited due to its high demand and market price. Depletion of natural stocks, together with a high commercial value has encouraged stock enhancement and aquaculture of this species (Xia, Sun, Zhang, Rahman, & Rajkumar, ). Pond culture of P. leopardus has become an economically important aquaculture activity in China.…”

“…Dietary protein should be carefully controlled to meet the nutritional needs of aquacultured organisms (Yang, Liou, & Liu, 2002). Excessive dietary protein does not lead to optimal fish growth (Rahman et al, 2008;Xia et al, 2015). Therefore, optimizing protein content in the diet is important for the successful aquaculture of any fish species.…”