Effects of dietary protein, and fat level and rapeseed oil on growth and tissue fatty acid composition and metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared at low water temperatures

Karalazos, Vasileios; Bendiksen, Eldar Åsgard; Dick, James R.; Bell, J. Gordon

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00471.x

Cited by 66 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…Whilst some numerical differences were noted amongst various parameters recorded, none were significantly (P [ 0.05) different, clearly demonstrating that (1) fish oil replacement in rainbow trout practical diets has no negative effect on fish performance, and (2) diets either rich in 18:3n-3 or 18:2n-6 are both equally and favorably utilized by growing trout. These observations are in agreement with the majority of the studies focusing on fish oil replacement in salmonids [2,3,[8][9][10][11]25] and in several other species, as recently reviewed by Turchini et al [14]. In direct alignment with the lack of any significant modification to fish performance, there was no effect on overall nutrient digestibility of the different lipid sources recorded in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 95%

“…The high demand for fish oil by the salmonid industry is driven mainly by the market demand/ expectation for n-3 LC-PUFA rich products [4,7], rather than a physiological need of these species. In fact, salmonids such as the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), are likely better equipped, from a fatty acid metabolism point of view, to cope successfully with fish oil replacement in their diets in comparison to other fish species [8][9][10][11][12]. Rainbow trout in particular, have been shown to be capable of bioconverting large quantities of dietary a-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), which can be found in several different vegetable oils, into n-3 LC-PUFA [13].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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LC‐PUFA Biosynthesis in Rainbow Trout is Substrate Limited: Use of the Whole Body Fatty Acid Balance Method and Different 18:3n‐3/18:2n‐6 Ratios

Thanuthong

Francis

Senadheera

et al. 2011

Lipids

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Five experimental diets with constant total C(18) PUFA and varying 18:3n-3/18:2n-6 ratios were fed to rainbow trout over an entire production cycle. The whole-body fatty acid balance method demonstrated a clear trend of progressively reduced fatty acid bioconversion activity along the n-3 and n-6 pathways, up to the production of 20:5n-3 and 20:4n-6, respectively. This suggests that the pathway exhibits a "funnel like" progression of activity rather than the existence of a single rate limiting step. The production of 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 was more active than that of 20:5n-3. However, despite this trend in reduced apparent in vivo net enzyme activity, the efficiency of the various bioconversion steps (measured as % of bioconverted substrate) confirmed an opposing trend. A 3.2-fold higher Δ-6 desaturase affinity towards 18:3n-3 over 18:2n-6 and an 8-fold greater Δ-5 desaturase affinity towards 20:4n-3 over 20:3n-6 were recorded. The main results of the study were that (1) rainbow trout are quite efficient at bioconverting 18:3n-3 to 22:6n-3, and (2) the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway is substrate limited. Fillet n-3 LC-PUFA concentrations increased with the increasing dietary supply of 18:3n-3. Despite an almost identical dietary supply of n-3 LC-PUFA, originating from the fish meal fraction of the diets, the fillets of trout fed the diet richest in 18:3n-3 were 2-fold higher in n-3 LC-PUFA than fish fed low 18:3n-3 diets. Nevertheless, fillets of trout fed a fish oil control diet contained more than double the amount of n-3 LC-PUFA compared to fish fed the diets richest in 18:3n-3.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

LC‐PUFA Biosynthesis in Rainbow Trout is Substrate Limited: Use of the Whole Body Fatty Acid Balance Method and Different 18:3n‐3/18:2n‐6 Ratios

Thanuthong

Francis

Senadheera

et al. 2011

Lipids

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“…The temperature was between 19 and 30°C during the majority of the study of Segato et al (2005a). However, it has been suggested that high lipid diets are utilized better at low temperatures than low lipid diets (Bendiksen et al 2003;Karalazos et al 2007;Turchini et al 2009). Low-temperature and high dietary lipid slows down the gastric emptying, thereby allowing more time for lipase enzymes to catalyze (Bendiksen et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This result is in disagreement with those found in salmonids where increasing dietary non-protein energy resulted in elevated protein utilization (Grisdale-Helland and Helland 1997;Géli-neau et al 2001;Yigit et al 2002). It has been asserted that when dietary protein is adequate, European sea bass and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) tend to use protein as dietary energy source which can impede protein-sparing effect to occur (Dias et al 1998a;Tibbetts et al 2005;Karalazos et al 2007). An adequate protein level for all the dietary treatments was used in the present experiment, and thus, the possible influence of lower protein contents with high lipid levels on the protein utilization seems to require further exploration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth, nutrient utilization, and nitrogen and carbon balances in shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa L.)

Akpιnar¹,

Sevgi̇li̇²,

Demir³

et al. 2011

Aquacult Int

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Shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa L.) is regarded as a promising new candidate for Mediterranean mariculture but specifically formulated feeds are not yet available due to knowledge gaps in its basic nutritional requirements. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the effects of dietary lipid levels on growth and feed utilization in shi drum (72.6 g average weight). Four isonitrogenic diets differing in dietary lipid levels between 10 and 19% (named 10L, 13L, 16L, and 19L, respectively) were fed to triplicate groups of fish for 8 weeks. Growth was not affected by treatment whereas feed efficiency was significantly deteriorated in fish fed diets containing lipid higher than 13%. Whole body dry matter and lipid contents were significantly higher in fish fed 19L compared with fish fed the 10L, while whole body protein, ash, and total carbon (C) were statistically unaffected by the dietary treatment. A significant increase in feed, lipid, energy, nitrogen (N), and carbon (C) intake was recorded in fish fed 16L and 19L when compared with 10L. Carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio was significantly higher in fish fed 19L than 10L. Moreover, the N and C losses significantly increased in fish fed 19L compared with 10L and 13L. It was concluded that high dietary lipid did neither had any protein-sparing effect nor other positive result, and diets for shi drum are not recommended to contain more than 13% lipid.

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“…Specific fatty acids are either selectively retained or metabolized, and preferential metabolism often occurs when a particular fatty acid is supplied at high concentrations in the diet (Karalazos et al 2007). Assuming that lipid digestibility is high in Senegalese sole post-larvae, especially that of LC-PUFA Mai et al 2009), the identification of the preferential metabolic fate of fatty acids should be possible by comparing fish fatty acid profiles with those presented in the diets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortisol response to air exposure in Solea senegalensis post-larvae is affected by dietary arachidonic acid-to-eicosapentaenoic acid ratio

Martins

Engrola

Morais

et al. 2011

Fish Physiol Biochem

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An experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of feeding frozen Artemia diets differing in arachidonic acid-to-eicosapentaenoic acid ratios (ARA/EPA) on growth, survival and stress coping ability of Senegalese sole post-larvae (19-31 days after hatch). Two experimental diets presenting high ('High'; 3.0) or low ('Low'; 0.7) ARA/EPA ratios were tested under two rearing conditions: undisturbed (C) and stressed by a 2-min air exposure every two days (S). Growth, survival and basal cortisol levels were similar between groups indicating that independently of dietary ARA/EPA ratios, fish were able to cope with the repeated stress imposed. Also, cortisol levels at 3 h past air exposure were determined in all groups at the end of the experiment. Among fish fed the 'Low' diet, C groups seemed to present a quicker recovery from the acute stress (basal-like levels) than S groups. Repeated stress effects were not apparent in fish fed the 'High' diet and, relative to basal levels, twofold higher cortisol concentrations were detected at 3 h, in both C and S groups. This study suggests the importance of ARA in steroidogenesis regulation and the modulatory role of EPA in this process. Despite the tolerance to a wide range of dietary ARA/EPA as indicated by growth and survival results, acute stress coping response may be more efficient in Senegalese sole post-larvae fed low ARA/EPA ratios and, under these particular conditions, a faster recovery of cortisol to basal values could be indicative of rearing conditions (undisturbed vs. repeatedly stressed).

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Effects of dietary protein, and fat level and rapeseed oil on growth and tissue fatty acid composition and metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared at low water temperatures

Cited by 66 publications

References 49 publications

LC‐PUFA Biosynthesis in Rainbow Trout is Substrate Limited: Use of the Whole Body Fatty Acid Balance Method and Different 18:3n‐3/18:2n‐6 Ratios

LC‐PUFA Biosynthesis in Rainbow Trout is Substrate Limited: Use of the Whole Body Fatty Acid Balance Method and Different 18:3n‐3/18:2n‐6 Ratios

Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth, nutrient utilization, and nitrogen and carbon balances in shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa L.)

Cortisol response to air exposure in Solea senegalensis post-larvae is affected by dietary arachidonic acid-to-eicosapentaenoic acid ratio

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