Effects of dietary levels of vitamin A on growth, hematology, immune response and resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to Streptococcus iniae

Dietary vitamin A requirement ofSillago sihamaForskál

“…From the sixth week, vitamin A deficiency which included inanimate, haemorrhages on the head, erosion of skin, and greater mortality was observed in the fish fed the basal diets. Similar results about vitamin A deficiency signs were reported on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Campeche, Catharino, Godoy & Cyrino, ; Guimarães et al., ), juvenile Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii (Wen, Yan, Gao, Jiang & Wei, ), juvenile greasy grouper, Epinephelus tauvina (Mohamed et al., ), and juvenile Jian carp, Cyprinus carpio (Yang, Zhou, Jiang & Yang, ). However, other signs like exophthalmia (Yang et al., ) and blind eyes (Saleh, Eleraky & Gropp, ) were not found in this study.…”

“…The change in HSI can be explained for the reason that vitamin A regulates the liver lipid metabolism (Shao et al., ). Besides, vitamin A‐unsupplemented diet caused liver damage and reduced liver size (Guimarães et al., ). The positive effect of vitamin A on growth can be partly due to regulating gene expressions involved in insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐1; Chambéry, De & Babajko, ), and enhancing the immune, metabolism, and intestine health (Shao et al., ; Zhang et al., ).…”

“…As a result, 2,516 IU VA/kg diet was found to meet the optimal dietary vitamin A requirement based on the WG. Dietary vitamin A requirement may differ from diverse aquatic animals, such as 2,500–3,500 IU/kg for fingerlings of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Kitamura, Suwa, Ohara & Nakagawa, ), 8,400 IU/kg for juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Shiau & Chen, ), 3,101 IU/kg for greasy grouper, Epinephelus tauvina (Mohamed et al., ), 923–1,981 IU/kg for juvenile Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii (Wen et al., ), 3,910 IU/kg for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Guimarães et al., ), and 3,914 IU/kg for Wuchang bream, Megalobrama amblycephala (Liu et al., ). To our knowledge, S. sihama are eurythermic and euryhalinous, they can even be domesticated into fresh water (Our previous studies have proved this).…”

“…It plays an important role in vision (Kemp, Jacobson, Faulkner & Walt, ; Tajmir‐Riahi, Agudelo & Bourassa, ), immunity (Jason et al., ; Yang, Yuan, Tao & Wang, ), growth (Guimarães, Pezzato, Santos, Orsi & Barros, ; Liu et al., ), oxidation resistance (Battisti et al., ; Jin et al., ; Zaidi & Banu, ), and even glucose or lipid metabolism (Howell & Chen, ; Li, Li, Chen & Chen, ; Li, Liu & Chen, ; Shao et al., ; Wei & Guoxun, ; Yang et al., ). Nutritional requirements of vitamin A have been widely studied in marine or freshwater aquatic animal, such as juvenile Grass Shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ; Shiau & Chen, ), juvenile greasy grouper ( Epinephelus tauvina ; Mohamed et al., ), Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ; Guimarães, Lim, Yildirim‐Aksoy, Li & Klesius, ), juvenile Wuchang bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala ; Liu et al., ), and juvenile orange spotted grouper, ( Epinephelus coioides ; Yang et al., ). Any nutrient absent or superfluous can do damage to the biological health, which includes the vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency can suppress the immune function, growth, feed utilization, and cause skeletal malformations of fish (David et al., ; Liu et al., ; Shao et al., ; Zhang et al., ).…”

Effects of dietary vitamin A on growth, hematology, digestion and lipometabolism of on-growing gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III)

“…Based on SGR and FE, the proper dietary vitamin A level was 1278-4931 IU kg . This level for gibel carp was similar to some fish species, including 1000-2000 IU kg − 1 for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Halver, 2002), 2500 IU kg − 1 for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Kitamura et al, 1967), 2000-4000 IU kg −1 for guppy Poecilia reticulata (Shim and Tan, 1990), 3101 IU kg −1 for greasy grouper Epinephelus tauvina (Mohamed et al, 2003), 3505 IU kg −1 for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Guimarães et al, 2014) and 4000-20,000 IU kg −1 for common carp Cyprinus carpio (Aoe et al, 1968). However, dietary vitamin A requirements in several fishes were higher than that in gibel carp, including hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) 5850 IU kg − 1 (Hu et al, 2006), Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) 9000 IU kg −1 (Hernandez et al, 2005) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae 103,300 IU kg −1 (Villeneuve et al, 2005).…”