“…Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) increase expression of genes associated with carnitine synthesis such as γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX), N-6-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLHE), and 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH9A1) and transport such as OCTN2 as well as carnitine concentrations in many tissues in adult animals [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. In addition, activation of PPARα also stimulates fatty acid oxidation in liver, kidney and muscle via inducing gene expressions and increasing activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX) and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD) [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. As a pharmaceutical PPARα agonist, clofibrate can activate PPARα, modulating CPT I gene expression and increasing fatty acid oxidation in pigs and other species [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”