Effects of diet-induced weight gain on insulin sensitivity and plasma hormone and lipid concentrations in horses

Carter, Rebecca A.; McCutcheon, L. J.; George, Lindsey A.; Smith, Tracy L.; Frank, Nicholas; Geor, Raymond J.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1250

Cited by 96 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Insulin resistance has been attributed to the effects of obesity-associated oxidative stress, inflammation, and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines on insulin sensitivity [19] [24]. Furthermore, higher insulin concentrations have been identified in horses with clinical PPID4 and those with pituitary adenomas [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pituitary Lesions, Obesity, and Mesenteric Lipomas in Insulin-Resistant Horses

Newkirk¹,

Chameroy²,

Tadros³

et al. 2014

OJVM

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The aim of the current study was to identify associations between pituitary lesions, body condition scores, and mesenteric lipomas in horses with insulin resistance. Necropsy examinations were performed following euthanasia in 30 adult horses designated as insulin resistant (n = 11) or insulin sensitive (n = 19). Insulin sensitivity was determined using the insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and resting insulin concentrations. At necropsy, mesenteric lipomas were measured. The pituitary and adrenal glands, pancreas, and liver were evaluated histologically; pituitary glands were scored based on published criteria. Insulin-resistant horses had significantly higher pituitary scores (p = 0.0035) and body condition scores (p = 0.0001), even when adjusting for age, and a greater frequency of mesenteric lipomas (p = 0.014) and greater lipoma area (p = 0.0332) than insulin-sensitive horses. Regardless of insulin status, horses with pituitary scores ≥3 (diffuse hyperplasia; n = 25) had higher body condition scores (p = 0.0313) and a greater frequency of mesenteric lipomas (p < 0.0002) than those with lower pituitary scores. High body condition score was not correlated to an increased frequency of mesenteric lipomas. Detection of higher pituitary scores in insulin-resistant horses suggested an association between insulin resistance and pituitary morphology. Horses in the insulin-resistant group and those with high pituitary scores had higher body condition scores and a greater frequency of mesenteric lipomas. These horses might be at increased risk for lipoma-associated colic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pituitary Lesions, Obesity, and Mesenteric Lipomas in Insulin-Resistant Horses

Newkirk¹,

Chameroy²,

Tadros³

et al. 2014

OJVM

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“…Low plasma leptin level in horses is associated with some behavioural disorders, such as crib-biting (Hemmann et al, 2013), as well as with mortality in foals (Barsnick et al, 2011). High level of this adipokine was stated in horses predisposed to insulin resistance (Frank et al, 2006;Carter et al, 2009;Pleasant et al, 2013). Plasma concentration of leptin in horses shows the diurnal variation attributed to the feeding regimen (Buff et al, 2005;Gordon and McKeever, 2005;Steelman et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in plasma leptin concentration during different types of exercises performed by horses

Kędzierski

2014

Animal

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Leptin is a tissue-derivative adipokine that regulates appetite, food intake and energy expenditure. It is still not clear how exercise affects plasma leptin concentration in horses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of exercise intensity and duration on plasma leptin levels in working horses. A total of 38 horses were prospectively included in the study and grouped according to the type of exercise they performed: dressage (six stallions, group D), jumping (12 stallions, group J), race (12 Thoroughbred horses, six stallions and six mares, group R) and harness (10 light draft stallions, group H). Blood samples were taken both before and after routine exercise (immediately after the exercise, 30 min and 24 h after). Blood lactic acid (LA) and plasma concentration of leptin, cortisol, uric acid, triacylglycerols, glycerol and free fatty acids were determined. Immediately after exercise, group R had the highest level of LA, whereas groups D and J had the lowest levels. A significant increase in plasma leptin concentration was stated only in group H in samples taken immediately after the end of the exercise period and 30 min after the exercise period, as compared with the values obtained at rest. A significant increase in plasma cortisol concentration was found immediately after the end of the exercise period in groups R and H. Leptin exercise-to-rest ratio was significantly correlated with cortisol exercise-to-rest ratio (r = 0.64; P < 0.001). The increase in plasma leptin concentration in exercised horses was related to the increased plasma cortisol concentration and took place only during long-lasting exercise, which was not intensive.Keywords: cortisol, leptin, horse, exercise ImplicationsLeptin is an adipokine that regulates energetic metabolism, appetite and food intake in mammals. The effect of exercise on plasma leptin concentration in horses is still not clear. The results of the present study indicate that some kinds of exercise increase the plasma leptin level in horses. Better understanding of the regulation of leptin release during exercise could contribute towards improving the performance and state of health of exercising horses; it is thus clear that detailed knowledge of improving the performance of trained horses will have an economic importance. The data presented in this study have never been published elsewhere.

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“…Fat deposits examined previously by ultrasonography in equids differed from study to study (Gentry et al, 2004;Carter et al, 2009b;Argo et al, 2012) probably attributed to breed differences and to the ease of obtaining and reading ultrasonographic measurements. Also, if a specific ultrasound imaging analysis software could be developed to decrease the time-consuming and increase the precision of fat measuring, especially with those kind of protocols that involve taking the measurements in triplicate (to increase the accuracy), maybe less differences would be described in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Development of an index based on ultrasonographic measurements for the objective appraisal of body condition in Andalusian horses

Martin‐Giménez

Aguirre-Pascasio

Blas

2018

Span. j. agric. res.

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Body condition scoring (BCS) is an indirect measure of the level of subcutaneous fat; however, by measuring the subcutaneous fat thicknesses (SFT), the precision of the degree of fatness assessment is improved. The aims were: 1) to develop an alternative body fat scoring index (BFSI) based on ultrasonographic measurements; 2) to assess the agreement between BCS and the new index applied to Andalusian horses; 3) to adjust the BCS cut-off values (if necessary) for overweight and obesity in this breed. One hundred and sixtysix Andalusian horses were included in this cross sectional study. On each horse, BCS, body fat percentage (BF%) and ultrasonography of SFT at localized deposits were evaluated. According to BFSI five possible body categories were established. Only one horse (0.6%) was classified as emaciated, 9.0% as thin, 74.7% as normal, 11.4% as overweight and 4.2% as obese. Despite higher BCS and SFT values were observed compared to other breeds, most of the horses evaluated presented a normal body condition under the new BFSI. BCS and BFSI were significantly associated (p<0.001), however, the concordance was low (weighted Cohen's kappa coefficient, 0.262 ± 0.071; p=0.004). Using BFSI, obese horses had significantly greater BF% than the rest of categories (p<0.001). BCS showed a good diagnostic accuracy for detection overweight (AUC = 0.759 ± 0.055; p<0.001) and obese (AUC = 0.878 ± 0.050; p=0.001) horses; redefining the cut-off values for overweight and obesity condition as 7.5/9 and 8.5/9 respectively in Andalusian horses.Additional keywords: ultrasonography; subcutaneous fat deposits; objective score; adiposity; obesity; index. Abbreviations used: AUC (area under the curve); BMI (body mass index); BCS (body condition score); BFSI (body fat scoring index); ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve); SFT (subcutaneous fat thickness); SFT-N25% (SFT over the first third of the neck-length); SFT-N50% (SFT over the second third of the neck-length); SFT-N75% (SFT over the last third of the neck-length); SFT-S (SFT behind the shoulder); SFT-Rb (SFT over the ribs); SFT-R (SFT over the rump); SFT-TH (SFT over the tailhead); BF% (body fat percentage).

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Effects of diet-induced weight gain on insulin sensitivity and plasma hormone and lipid concentrations in horses

Cited by 96 publications

References 36 publications

Pituitary Lesions, Obesity, and Mesenteric Lipomas in Insulin-Resistant Horses

Pituitary Lesions, Obesity, and Mesenteric Lipomas in Insulin-Resistant Horses

Changes in plasma leptin concentration during different types of exercises performed by horses

Development of an index based on ultrasonographic measurements for the objective appraisal of body condition in Andalusian horses

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