Effects of Dieldrin, Picrotoxin and Telodrin on the Metabolism of Ammonia in Brain

Hathway, D. E.; Mallinson, Arthur I.; Akintonwa, Dunstan A.A.

doi:10.1042/bj0940676

Cited by 41 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(18 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Hyperglycemia is another toxic effect induced by certain organophosphorus compounds [7,8], the mechanism of which is not clear. Further, it has been suggested that chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides increase the level of cerebral free ammonia which acts as an irritant of the nervous tissue causing tremors or convulsions [9,10]. The changes in the metabolism or level of acetylcholine [11], free ammonia [9,10] and amino acids [12] were held responsible for the stimulatory effects induced by an organochlorine pesticide, the p,p 0 -DDT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, it has been suggested that chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides increase the level of cerebral free ammonia which acts as an irritant of the nervous tissue causing tremors or convulsions [9,10]. The changes in the metabolism or level of acetylcholine [11], free ammonia [9,10] and amino acids [12] were held responsible for the stimulatory effects induced by an organochlorine pesticide, the p,p 0 -DDT. The high concentration of acetylcholine and amino acids were found in the corpus striatum, the area of brain which is important in the regulation of motor activity [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There appeared a greater increase in free ammonia level of brain in rats treated with lindane þ dimethoate than in rats given either lindane or dimethoate indicating enhancement of the effect. The convulsions caused by chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides were attributed to an increase in free ammonia level in the brain [9,10] that induced excitation in central neurons resulting in tremors or convulsions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Acute Interactive Effects of Lindane and Dimethoate on Cerebral and Peripheral Tissues in Rats

Chandra

Prasad

Srivastava

et al. 2002

Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A number of studies have shown that interaction of certain combinations of pesticides can lead to enhancement of toxicity. In view of this, acute interactive effects of lindane and dimethoate were studied in rats randomized into four groups of six each. The first group was treated with lindane p.o. 10 mg/kg, the second group was treated with dimethoate p.o. 20 mg/kg, the third group was given dimethoate p.o. 20 mg/kg to rats pretreated (one hour before) with lindane p.o. 10 mg/kg and the fourth group serving as control was given oil only. The animals were sacrificed one hour after the exposure to determine the brain cortex and corpus striatum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, blood glucose level, glycogen content in cerebral and peripheral tissues and free ammonia level in the brain. There was a si gnificantly greater inhibition of brain cortex and corpus striatum AChE activity ( p<0.001) and enhancement of effect on free ammonia level in the brain of rats ( p<0.05) dosed with lindane þ dimethoate than in rats treated either with lindane or dimethoate. The hyperglycemic action of both lindane and dimethoate when given alone was off-set in the group treated with both lindane and dimethoate ( p<0.05 and 0.001 respectively). Further, treatments with dimethoate of rats pretreated with lindane antagonised the effect of lindane on glycogen content in liver, brain and triceps ( p<0.05) but not in the diaphragm. The study signifies the importance of co-exposure in the risk assessment of chemicals in the environment laden with xenobiotics.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Acute Interactive Effects of Lindane and Dimethoate on Cerebral and Peripheral Tissues in Rats

Chandra

Prasad

Srivastava

et al. 2002

Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Further information arose from comparisons with the naturally occurring convulsant picrotoxinin (PTX; Figure 96.9), which Hathway et al (1965) found to have effects similar to those of dieldrin and isobenzan on ammonia metabolism in rat brain. PTX antagonizes the action of GABA by blocking the chloride ion channel associated with its receptor (Kadous et al, 1983;Takeuchi, 1966, 1972).…”

Section: Structural Convergence Of Cyclodienes and Their Dechlorinatementioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions with the Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid A-Receptor

Brooks¹

2010

Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Further changes in the metabolism or level of acetylcholine (Colhoun, 1959; Bleiberg et al, 1962). free ammonia (Hathway et al, 1965;Omer, 1971), and amino acids (Kar and Matin, 1974) have also been held responsible for the stirnulatory effects induced by pp'DDT. High concentrations of acetylcholine (Quastel, 1962;Sattin, 1966) and amino acids (Nicklas et al, 1974) have been reported to be present in corpus striatum, an area of the brain which is important in the regulation of motor activity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Possible Neurochemical Basis of the Central Stimulatory Effects of pp′DDT

Matin

Jaffery

Siddiqui

1981

Journal of Neurochemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The striatal neurochemical changes induced by pp'DDT (600 mg/kg) in mice were: an increase in the concentration of free ammonia, a decrease in the level of GABA and a reduction in the level of acetylcholine. These changes were maximal 5 h after treatment with pp'DDT, when the animals developed 'severe' convulsions. The convulsions and striatal neurochemical changes were modified to different degrees by barbiturates. Phenobarbitone protected all the animals from pp'DDT-induced convulsions. The levels of striatal acetylcholine and GABA in these animals were within normal limits. Prominal reduced the severity of convulsions in pp'DDT-treated animals. The levels of striatal acetylcholine and GABA were significantly lower than control values in these animals. Primidone neither modified the convulsions nor the striatal neurochemical changes in pp'DDT-treated animals. The increase in the concentration of free ammonia, in pp'DDT-treated animals, was not modified by barbiturates. Aminooxyacetic acid raised the GABA level above normal and abolished the convulsions in pp'DDT-treated animals; the level of acetylcholine was within normal limits in these animals. Hydroxylamine produced a similar but less marked effect. Pyridoxine had no effect on convulsions or striatal neurochemical changes induced by pp'DDT. The increase in the concentration of free ammonia in pp'DDT-treated animals was not modified by these agents. It is likely that pp'DDT produced stimulatory effects by increasing the concentration of free ammonia which may be involved in reducing the level of GABA, while changes in the level of acetylcholine may be an effect of pp'DDT-induced convulsions.

show abstract

Effects of Dieldrin, Picrotoxin and Telodrin on the Metabolism of Ammonia in Brain

Cited by 41 publications

References 25 publications

Acute Interactive Effects of Lindane and Dimethoate on Cerebral and Peripheral Tissues in Rats

Acute Interactive Effects of Lindane and Dimethoate on Cerebral and Peripheral Tissues in Rats

Interactions with the Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid A-Receptor

A Possible Neurochemical Basis of the Central Stimulatory Effects of pp′DDT

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About