Effects of delaying increase in milk allowance and type of gradual weaning program on performance and health of calves fed lower levels of milk

Parsons, S.D.; Steele, M.A.; Leslie, K.E.; Renaud, D.L.; DeVries, T.J.

doi:10.3168/jds.2021-20431

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In contrast to blood glucose concentration, the lower BHB concentration in calves fed HI compared with MOD may be related to lower feed intake in calves with a high milk allowance. Blood BHB is an indicator of rumen activity in young ruminants undergoing the transition from pre-ruminant to ruminant (Parsons et al, 2021). During the preweaning period, the highest BHB concentration was found in the MOD-23CP treatment, suggesting that MOD together with a high CP content in the starter diet could improve rumen development, mainly due to a higher starter intake.…”

Section: Blood Metabolites and Insulinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Starter feed intake and blood BHB concentration have been identified as determinants of rumen development in milk-fed calves (Khan et al, 2016;Mirzaei et al, 2018;Parsons et al, 2021). The rate of microbial N flux into the duodenum is the most important and sensitive indicator of rumen metabolism (Tas and Susenbeth, 2007), which has been estimated from urine PD in weaned calves (Funaba et al, 1995;Kazemi-Bonchenari et al, 2020).…”

Section: Urinary Purine Derivatives and Urinary Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Milk feeding level and starter protein content: Effects on growth performance, blood metabolites, and urinary purine derivatives of Holstein dairy calves

Kazemi-Bonchenari

Khanaki

Jafari

et al. 2022

Journal of Dairy Science

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of milk allowances equal to 526 g/d as moderate (MOD) versus 790 g/d of milk dry matter as high (HI), and starter diets containing 18% or 23% crude protein (CP), on growth performance, blood metabolites, and purine derivative (PD) excretion in the urine of dairy calves. A total of 52 female Holstein dairy calves (40.8 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to the experimental diets. The treatments were (1) moderate milk and 18% CP starter diet (MOD-18CP); (2) MOD and 23% CP starter diet (MOD-23CP); (3) high milk and 18% CP starter diet (HI-18CP); and (4) HI and 23% CP starter diet (HI-23CP). Calves had free access to a starter feed and water and were weaned on d 53 but remained in the study until d 73. Urine samples were collected during the preweaning period (for 6 consecutive days between d 35 and 40) and postweaning period (for 6 consecutive days between d 65 and 70) to investigate urinary excretion of PD. Starter feed intake, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and blood urea concentrations were reduced; however, average daily gain (ADG) and blood glucose levels increased in calves fed HI before weaning compared with MOD. During the preweaning period, high milk feeding increased total urinary PD excretion but decreased it after weaning. The 23CP diet resulted in higher feed intake and ADG before weaning and higher excretion of allantoin and total excretion of PD compared with the 18CP diet. The HI-23CP treatment resulted in the greatest withers and hip heights at weaning and final measurement, as well as the highest preweaning blood insulin concen-trations. In terms of rumen development, MOD-23CP showed the greatest benefits based on starter intake, blood BHB concentration, and urinary excretion of PD. Based on the higher urinary excretion of PD found in HI-fed calves before weaning, it is possible that milk feeding overestimates estimated microbial yield. The results suggest that feeding starters with a higher proportion of CP may help maintain a more balanced ratio of CP to ME during high milk feeding, to avoid protein deficiency due to low starter intake. When calves are fed a high milk allowance, urine excretion of PD may be misinterpreted as a measure of estimated microbial growth and rumen development; this should be considered during calculations of estimated microbial yield in milk-fed calves.

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Section: Blood Metabolites and Insulinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urinary Purine Derivatives and Urinary Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk feeding level and starter protein content: Effects on growth performance, blood metabolites, and urinary purine derivatives of Holstein dairy calves

Kazemi-Bonchenari

Khanaki

Jafari

et al. 2022

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Calves were weaned abruptly at 56 d of age. Although gradual weaning is recommended when feeding high levels of milk ( Sweeney et al, 2010 ; Parsons et al, 2021 ), facility and labor constraints did not facilitate gradual weaning beyond 56 d for this current study. Calves were allowed to consume 8 L/d or ad libitum from day 5.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Response to ad libitum milk allowance by crossbred dairy and dairy–beef calves in an automated feeding system

Arens

Sharpe

Schutz

et al. 2023

Translational Animal Science

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The objective of this study was to compare 3-breed rotational crossbred calves sired by Holstein, Jersey, Montbéliarde, Normande, Viking Red, and Limousin bulls with Holstein calves fed a high milk allowance for growth, milk consumption, health scores, and profitability in an automated group feeding system. Breed groups were Holstein (n = 16), crossbreds of Montbéliarde, Viking Red and Holstein (n = 24), crossbreds of Jersey, Normande, and Viking Red (n = 6), and Limousin crossbred beef x dairy (n = 45) calves. Calves were randomly assigned within breed to one of two treatments from September 2019 to June 2020 at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center in Morris, MN. The 5 breed groups were balanced across the two treatment groups. Treatment groups were fed 8 L/d (8L) or ad libitum (AL) milk allowance, and calves were introduced to the automated feeder at d 5 and were weaned at 56 d. Milk feeding behaviors (drinking speeds) were collected from the automatic feeding system and analyzed by feeding and breed groups. Body weights were recorded at birth and weekly through weaning. Health scores of calves were recorded twice/wk. Variables included in the statistical model for analyses were fixed effects of birthweight, season of birth, breed group, and treatment group. Calves fed AL had a greater weaning weight (P = 0.001; 106.4 kg versus 91.4 kg) and greater (P = 0.001) average daily gain (ADG; 1.11 kg/d versus 0.87 kg/d) than calves fed 8L, respectively. The calves fed AL (1,064 ml/min) had a slower drinking speed (P = 0.01) than calves fed 8L (1,467 ml/min). Most breed groups were not different for weaning weight or ADG across the 56 d. Daily milk consumption per calf was lower (P = 0.009) for Limousin crossbred calves compared with Holstein and crossbred dairy calves. As expected, AL calves had higher (P = 0.001) milk cost ($189.52) than the 8L calves ($140.71). The average cost per kg of gain was similar for calves fed 8L ($2.89/kg) compared to AL ($3.00/kg) calves. Overall, the Limousin crossbred calves had the least milk cost ($152.75) compared with Holstein ($175.67) calves and Montbéliarde, Viking Red and Holstein crossbred calves ($177.13). The results from this study found that although feeding calves AL resulted in greater milk consumption and higher cost than 8L calves, there may be an economic advantage with costs per kg of gain to feeding calves ad libitum if increased growth rates are realized.

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Invited review: The effect of milk feeding practices on dairy calf behavior, health, and performance—A systematic review

Welk

Otten

Jensen

2023

Journal of Dairy Science

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Effects of delaying increase in milk allowance and type of gradual weaning program on performance and health of calves fed lower levels of milk

Cited by 5 publications

References 40 publications

Milk feeding level and starter protein content: Effects on growth performance, blood metabolites, and urinary purine derivatives of Holstein dairy calves

Milk feeding level and starter protein content: Effects on growth performance, blood metabolites, and urinary purine derivatives of Holstein dairy calves

Response to ad libitum milk allowance by crossbred dairy and dairy–beef calves in an automated feeding system

Invited review: The effect of milk feeding practices on dairy calf behavior, health, and performance—A systematic review

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