Effects of cylindrospermopsin on the phagocytic cells of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Abstract

Cylindrospermopsin is a cyanotoxin with cytotoxic activity. It is released into water during and after cyanobacterial water blooms and thus poses a threat to the health of fish. There is very little information available concerning the effects of the toxin on fish immune cells. In this study, we assessed the potential impact of cylindrospermopsin on the basic functions of phagocytic cells from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), including phagocytosis, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production, and the structure of microfilaments and selected cytokine expression. Phagocytic cells, isolated from fish head kidneys, were exposed to the toxin at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 or 1 µg ml(-1), for up to 24 h. Cytotoxicity, detected by lactate dehydrogenase release, was observed at the highest studied concentration. A decrease in phagocytic activity and changes in actin cytoskeletal structures were observed after the cell exposure to the toxin at 0.5 and 1 µg ml(-1). Moreover, at all tested concentrations, cylindrospermopsin increased the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It also evidently influenced the expression of genes of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α and, to a minor extent, anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor-β, but had no effects on interleukin-10. The results indicated that the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin is able to modify basic features of carp phagocytic cells, which might result in adverse consequences for fish health.

Polysaccharides from marine macroalga, Padina gymnospora improve the nonspecific and specific immune responses of Cyprinus carpio and protect it from different pathogens

“…Head kidney cells of C. carpio treated with the cyanotoxin, cylindrospermopsin showed increased expression of IL-1β (Sieroslawska et al 2015).…”

Effects of cyanobacterial toxins on the human gastrointestinal tract and the mucosal innate immune system

“…Besides reports of effects on gastrointestinal and hepatic cells, MC-LR is suspected to alter the immune response, especially in fish, in which most of the studies addressing immunotoxic effects have been done [107][108][109][110][111]. For example, exposure to MC-LR affected the immune response of medaka fish and induced sustained pathological changes in the GIT, liver, and other organs [108].…”

“…CYN exposure led to elevated markers of inflammation and diminished the uptake of bacteria into phagocytes in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) [109]. Although there are significant differences between immune systems of different groups of animals, vertebrates share some common mechanisms of innate immune system activation.…”

Effects of Cyanobacterial Toxins on the Human Gastrointestinal Tract and the Mucosal Innate Immune System

“…Besides reports of effects on gastrointestinal and hepatic cells, MC-LR is suspected to alter the immune response, especially in fish, where most of the studies addressing immunotoxic effects have been done [111,[146][147][148][149][150]. For example, exposure to MC-LR affected the immune response of medaka fish additionally to sustained pathological changes in the GIT, liver and other organs [111].…”

“…Similarly to MC-LR, CYN exposure led to elevated markers of inflammation and diminished the uptake of bacteria into phagocytes in the common carp (Cyprius carpio) [147]. Although there are significant differences between immune systems of different groups of animals, vertebrates share some common mechanisms of innate immune system activation.…”