Effects of cyclopiazonic acid and aflatoxin singly and in combination on selected clinical, pathological and immunological responses of guinea pigs

Abstract

Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and aflatoxin are known sometimes to coexist in nature but little is known of possible biological interaction in mammals that consume mixtures of these two mycotoxins. Guinea pigs were dosed orally with CPA (2.2 mg/kg) or aflatoxin (0.045 mg B1/kg) singly or in combination. Effects of toxin consumption were determined on clinical health, body weight gain, pathological change, and several immunologically related parameters including delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, antibody response, complement hemolytic titer, intracutaneous mitogen (PHA) and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis. In contrast to an earlier study by others, significant synergy between these two toxins was demonstrated in reduced rate of body weight gain, lethality and histologic changes (vacuolization) in hepatocytes. Reductions in complement titer, intradermal PHA, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis were related to aflatin activity. No effects on antibody formation to Brucella abortus were observed with either toxin or the combination of toxins. Cyclopiazonic acid appeared to restore the suppressive effects of aflatoxin in delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis.

Production of toxic metabolites in Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei: justification of mycotoxin testing in food grade enzyme preparations derived from the three fungi

“…Cyclopiazonic acid abolishes the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) by inhibiting Ca 2þ -ATPase (Daniel et al, 1995;Paul, 1998). Mycotoxicoses caused by this compound have been observed in several animals (Hill et al, 1986;Lomax et al, 1984;Morrissey et al, 1985;Nuehring et al, 1985;Pier et al, 1989). Cyclopiazonic acid is also related to debilitating illnesses in cattle and man in India (EPA, 1997b).…”

Individual and Combined Toxicity of T-2 Toxin and Cyclopiazonic Acid in Broiler Chicks

“…Aspergillus flavus is found growing on corn and peanuts especially in the southern United States and more than one-half of 54 isolates of A. flavus have been reported to be capable of producing CPA (Gallagher et al, 1978). Cyclopiazonic acid has been shown to be mildly toxic in most animal studies (Purchase, 1971;Dorner et al, 1983;Lomax et al, 1984;Morrissey et al, 1984Morrissey et al, ,1985Nuehring et al, 1985;Cullen et al, 1988;Pier et al, 1989;Wilson et al, 1990;Smith et al, 1992). The toxic effects of CPA in chicks have been reported by Dorner et al (1983), Cullen et al (1988), Wilson et al (1990), and Smith et al (1992).…”

Presence of mycotoxins in animal milk: A review

“…An association between CPA and aflatoxins toxic effects when both are present at the same time was first revealed by a retrospective study on the "Turkey X disease" (Cole, 1986); subsequently, a significant synergism between these two mycotoxins was reported by Pier, Belden, Ellis, Nelson, & Maki (1989). Pier et al, 1989;Tatay, Meca, Font & Ruiz, 2014). Even at nontoxic concentrations of individual mycotoxins, when together, toxic effects are observed (Wan, Turner & El-Nezami, 2013).…”