Effects of Cultivars, Transplanting Patterns, Environment, and Their Interactions on Grain Quality of Japonica Rice

Abstract

With the increasing scarcity of rural labor, rice transplanting pattern is encountering the shift from artificial transplanting (AT) to mechanical transplanting (MT) in numerous rice-growing districts of China. The shift of transplanting patterns combined with altered growing environment during grain-filling stage in different years, presumably affects rice quality. Nevertheless, related information is limited now. This study investigated the effects of cultivars, transplanting patterns, environment and their interactions on appearance, milling, eating and nutrition qualities of four japonica rice varieties. The significant interactive effects of cultivars, environment, and transplanting patterns on almost all rice quality parameters (except Thr, Met and Ile) were observed. Cultivars and environment were main factors influencing rice appearance, milling and eating qualities. Cultivar was the primary factor affecting rice nutritional quality. Among all treatments, environment showed the strongest effect on percentage of chalky kernel, milled rice yield, peak viscosity, breakdown, setback, consistence, amylose, Glu, Tyr and Met contents.However, Leu and Phe contents were unaffected by environment but only by cultivars and transplanting patterns. In addition to amylose and protein, Glu and Met contents were also involved in determining rice eating quality. Amino acids contents (except Cys, Tyr and Met) were significantly negatively correlated with head rice yield, showing the function of amino acids in controlling rice milling quality. Percentage of chalky kernel, and protein and almost all amino † Corresponding This paper has been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but has not yet been copyedited or proofread. The final published version may differ.acids contents were significantly negatively correlated with the difference of maximum and minimum temperature (DMMT) and positively correlated to relative humidity (RH), while head rice yield did it reversely. Amylose content and setback were significantly negatively related to daily maximum temperature (DMAT), daily minimum temperature (DMIT), daily average temperature (DAT) and effective temperature accumulation (ETA). However, Peak viscosity, breakdown and consistence had contrary performances. According to these results, we can infer that DMMT and RH are important environmental factors affecting rice appearance, milling and nutrition qualities and that DMAT, DMIT, DAT and ETA are key environmental factors influencing rice eating quality.

Variations in agronomic and grain quality traits of rice grown under irrigated lowland conditions in West Africa

“…() and Liu et al. (). Higher head rice yields observed in the dry season compared with the other trials in this study are consistent with the findings of Zhao and Fitzgerald () who observed that the average head rice yields of 39 varieties cultivated for 4 years were consistently higher during dry seasons than wet seasons.…”

“…() also reported a 10% higher head rice yield in the dry season than in the wet season. This apparent effect of the environment on head rice yield is likely attributable to temperature and solar radiation (Deng et al., ; Liu et al., ), which are higher in the dry season in Senegal at the crop's late reproductive stage. Average percentage grain chalkiness was higher in the wet season in Senegal than in the other trials.…”

“…Rice grain chalkiness has often been associated with low head rice yield to the extent that it has been suggested that selecting germplasm that have reduced chalk under multiple environments could be a viable way of enhancing head rice yield and reducing susceptibility to chalk‐mediated breakage under stress conditions on the premise that high chalkiness makes grains fragile and prone to breakage during milling (Liu et al., ; Sreenivasulu et al., ; Zhou et al., ). Results of this study contradicted these assertions as chalkiness did not have consistent significant correlations with head rice yield implying that predicting head rice recovery based on chalkiness may not be reliable in some environments.…”

“…Rice varieties differ in their grain quality traits and more so in their head rice yield and chalkiness (Anacleto et al., ; Koutroubas, Mazzini, Pons, & Ntanos, ; Tong et al., ). Not only are there marked differences in rice quality among genotypes but also growing environment has been shown to affect rice appearance, milling, and eating quality (Ashida, Araki, Maruyama‐Funatsuki, Fujimoto, & Ikegami, ; Bao, Kong, Xie, & Xu, ; Champagne, Bett‐Garber, McClung, & Bergman, ; Liu, Wu, Ma, & Xin, ). Among grain quality traits, head rice yield and chalkiness are the two that have been observed to be most significantly affected by environment (Zhao & Fitzgerald, ).…”

Simulation of seed productivity of the rice varieties in the conditions of the South of Ukraine

“…Унаслідок постійних змін клімату виникає необхідність у пошуку методів адаптації до несприятливих абіотичних факторів середовища, у більш поглибленому аналізі селекційно-генетичних засад сортів рису, їх продуктивних якостей та водоспоживання (Sreenivasulu et al, 2015;Jiang et al, 2017;Lamo et al, 2017;Lapis et al, 2018), у тому числі в кліматичних умовах Півдня України (Vozhegova, 2010). Удосконалення якісних показників сортів рису є трудомістким процесом, оскільки на розвиток цієї сільськогосподарської культури негативно впливають високі й низькі температури, посухи та перезволоження, типи сортів, рівень агротехніки й інші чинники (Lyman et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2015;Amanullah et al, 2017). У процесі вирощування рису обов'язково беруть до уваги фізіологічні, біометричні характеристики кожного з досліджуваних сортів, метеоумови місцевості, хімічний склад зрошувальної води, ґрунту, рівень його родючості, ступінь засміченості бур'янами.…”