Effects of Crude Palm Oil and Crude Palm Kernel Oil Upon Wax Inhibition

Ragunathan, Thevaruban; Husin, Hazlina; Wood, Colin D.

doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c00753

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Also, a cold finger test was conducted using Chenor crude oil in the presence of Crude Palm Oil (CPO), Crude Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO), TEA and EVA under dynamic conditions to support the findings obtained from the pour point test. It should be noted that this paper is the continuation of Ragunathan et al ( 2020a ; b ). Table 1 portrays the composition of fatty acids in CPO and CPKO.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

The influence of palm oil additives on the pour point and wax deposition tendencies of Chenor crude oil

Ragunathan

Wood

Husin

2021

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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One of the major concerns during the production of crude oil especially in tropical waters is the deposition of wax on to the walls of the pipeline. This is due to the low seabed temperatures which can be below the wax appearance temperature (WAT) which leads to wax depositing out through molecular diffusion. Currently, there are many methods to prevent and remedy wax deposition but most of these solutions pose a serious environmental threat and are expensive to produce. Hence, this research investigated the use of an organic and cheaper alternative by utilizing synthetic fatty acid esters such as oleic acid which has shown promising results in reducing the pour point of waxy crude oils. The solution that was used was of palm oil origin, crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) and was subsequently compared with the pour point depressant and wax inhibition efficiency of the current industry used inhibitors utilizing the SETA Pour Point and Cloud Point as well as the cold finger apparatus. It was observed that the palm oil inhibitors were highly effective at 1 wt.% due to the high composition of oleic acid present portraying a similar result to Triethanolamine (TEA) while Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) performed best at low concentration of 0.1 wt.% but deteriorates significantly as the concentration increases due to the polar end agglomerating among itself.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

The influence of palm oil additives on the pour point and wax deposition tendencies of Chenor crude oil

Ragunathan

Wood

Husin

2021

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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“…Unfortunately, the current uses of conventional chemical additives such as poly ethylene- co -vinyl acetate (EVA), triethanolamine (TEA), and related polymers are not environmentally friendly and very expensive. 40 Universal paraffin solvents such as carbon disulfide are costly, flammable, and highly toxic when exposed to the environment due to the low flash points. 6 Therefore, natural plant-based additives which act as wax inhibitors are studied currently to overcome the conventional chemical additives problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Wax Deposition Reduction Using Natural Plant-Based Additives for Sustainable Energy Production from Penara Oilfield Malaysia Basin

et al. 2022

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In empowering the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal, the oil industry is inclined toward organic wax inhibitor applications when combatting the wax deposition issue during crude oil production. This is because synthetic chemical inhibitors are costly and have the potential to create environmental problems when oil spillage or seepage occurs during transportation or operation. This study evaluates the impact of low-cost, natural plant-based inhibitors such as Jatropha seed oil (JSO), crude palm oil, and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) on paraffin inhibition efficiency (PIE, %) and rheological properties of Malaysian waxy crude oil. By using cold finger equipment and a Fann viscometer, the amount of solid wax deposits, apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield value, and gel strength were determined. Commercialized ethylene- co -vinyl acetate and triethanolamine compounds were used for a comparative study. For the wax deposition test, the results revealed that the highest average PIE obtained was 86.30% when 5% JSO was blended with Penara crude oil. Meanwhile, the rheological test proved that 5% JSO and 1% CPKO were acting as highest viscosity-reducing agents at 60 °C below the wax appearance temperature (WAT). The discovery of palm-based and Jatropha-based inhibitors from Malaysia’s palm oil plantation and Malaysian JSO as a wax inhibitor was found to be beneficial for the application of wax deposition and rheological studies in crude oil production with a less harmful environment for sustainable energy production.

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“…Majority of existing flow improvers are high molecular weight polymeric compounds [30]. However, high cost of pour point depressant formulations, selectivity of pour point depressants to crude oils and negative environmental impact of oil additives have led to increased interest in developing cheaper eco-friendly flow improvers [32,34,36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pour point depression and flow improvement of waxy crude oil using polyethylene glycol esters of cashew nut shell liquid

et al. 2021

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Wax crystallization and deposition is a major flow assurance problem in production and transportation of waxy crude oil. Conventional flow improvers are mainly high molecular weight synthetic polymers, many of which are eco-toxic. Bio-based flow improvers derived from natural products are promising as inexpensive, eco-friendly alternatives to existing products. In this study, natural cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) extracted from waste shells of Anacardium occidentale was esterified with polyethylene glycol (PEG). CNSL derivative reduced the pour point of waxy crude oil by 12 °C at 1000 ppm. The effects of CNSL derivatives on wax crystal morphology and micro-structure were studied by cross-polarized microscopy. Micrographs were processed and analyzed with ImageJ software. Addition of CNSL derivatives to oil resulted in changes in wax crystal morphology and micro-structure evidenced by a reduction in average crystal Feret diameter and aspect ratio and increase in boundary fractal dimension, indicative of formation of increasing number of smaller, rounder crystals. Effect of the additives on flow properties of the waxy oil was determined using a co-axial cylinder rotational viscometer. Dynamic viscosity of oil at shear rate of 17 s−1 was reduced by 79.7–90.5%. CNSL-PEG esters show good prospects as low-cost additives for production, storage and pipeline transportation of waxy crude oil.

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Effects of Crude Palm Oil and Crude Palm Kernel Oil Upon Wax Inhibition

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

The influence of palm oil additives on the pour point and wax deposition tendencies of Chenor crude oil

The influence of palm oil additives on the pour point and wax deposition tendencies of Chenor crude oil

Investigation on Wax Deposition Reduction Using Natural Plant-Based Additives for Sustainable Energy Production from Penara Oilfield Malaysia Basin

Pour point depression and flow improvement of waxy crude oil using polyethylene glycol esters of cashew nut shell liquid

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