Effects of crude extracts of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) and Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against the protozoan fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Ekanem, A. P.; Obiekezie, A. I.; Kloas, Werner; Knopf, Klaus

doi:10.1007/s00436-003-1038-8

Cited by 97 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In the treatment of 19.2 mg/L potassium ferrate(VI), the lethal effects of the potassium ferrate(VI) were found after 30 min, and at 4 h, approximately 80% of the tomonts were dead. The timeresponse relationship was also found in the study of Ekanem et al (2004). They reported the effects of crude extracts of Mucuna pruriens and Carica papaya against I. multifiliis and confirmed this relationship.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Effect of potassium ferrate(VI) on survival and reproduction of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis tomonts

Ling

Wang

et al. 2011

Parasitol Res

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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important freshwater teleost pathogen that can infect most species of freshwater fish worldwide and often leads to significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry. Potassium ferrate(VI), as a potential therapeutic agent for external protozoan parasite infections, has been proven to kill I. multifiliis theronts effectively; however, no information is available on effects of potassium ferrate(VI) exposure to I. multifiliis tomonts. This study evaluated the effects of potassium ferrate(VI) on the survival and reproduction of I. multifiliis tomonts. The results of experiment 1 showed that potassium ferrate(VI) at concentrations of 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, and 19.2 mg/L resulted in tomont survival rates of 82.2%, 34.2%, 14.6%, and 0, respectively, and significant differences were noted in tomont reproduction between the treatments and the control (P<0.05). Additionally, this study was designed to determine the effect of potassium ferrate(VI) toxicity on age of the tomont. The results indicated that encysted I. multifiliis was more resistant to potassium ferrate(VI) treatments. In addition, this study was designed to investigate I. multifiliis tomont survival and reproduction when collected from infested goldfish in potassium ferrate(VI) solutions at different concentrations (0, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, and 19.2 mg/L) for 30 min. It was found that the tomont survivals in the treatments were significantly lower than those in the control (P<0.05). This study demonstrated that a bath with potassium ferrate(VI) possibly was an effective method to treat ichthyophthiriasis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Effect of potassium ferrate(VI) on survival and reproduction of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis tomonts

Ling

Wang

et al. 2011

Parasitol Res

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“…Buchmann et al (2003) reported raw extracts from garlic (Allium sativum) were used to treat I. multifiliis infestation by killing theronts and tomonts. Ekanem et al (2004) accessed the effects of crude extracts from Mucuna pruriens and Carica papaya against I. multifiliis. Green tea extract has been reported to kill Ichthyobodo necator (Suzuki et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

et al. 2012

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Abstracts Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important fish ectoparasite that often results in significant economic losses to freshwater aquaculture. The search of alternative substances to control infections of I. multifiliis became stringent after malachite green, an effective and widely used chemotherapeutant, is banned on fish farms because of its carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. In this study, the effects of the aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens, which is readily available and affordable, were evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results in the in vitro conditions showed that the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V SS /V T -V SS , the volume of stock solution; V T , the volume of total solution) of 1:32 and 1:64 led to more than 70 % mortality of I. multifiliis theronts during 4 h of exposure and significantly reduced the survival of the tomonts and the total number of theronts released by the tomonts within 22 h (P<0.05). A 96-h bioassay was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of C. frutescens to goldfish. No visible effect was observed in the treatments with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V SS /V T ) of 1:32, 1:64 and 1:128, while in the other treatments, the erratic behaviour of fish was noted. In addition, in vitro tests demonstrated that the aqueous extract of C.frutescens had an adverse effect on I. multifiliis trophonts in situ. Fish treated with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens in ratios V SS /V T of 1:32 and 1:64 carried significantly fewer parasites than the control and the other treatments (P<0.05). These results suggest, therefore, that aqueous extracts of C. frutescens have potential for the control of ichthyophthiriasis in the aquaculture industry, though further phytochemical studies will need to be performed for isolation and identification of the active compounds.

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“…Therefore, an efficacious therapeutant is needed that is not potentially hazardous to human health as a residue in muscle tissue. Several studies have evaluated alternatives to malachite green for treatment of the disease (Wahli et al 1993, Straus & Griffin 2001, Ekanem et al 2004, Heinecke & Buchmann 2009, Straus & Meinelt 2009, and the compounds that proved effective against free-swimming stages of the parasite could therefore be suitable as bath treatments. However, treatment of ichthyophthiriasis via bath application is difficult because the therapeutant eliminates neither the trophonts located in the epidermis of the fish nor the encysted tomonts, both of which are less susceptible to chemical treatment than the theronts (Mei nelt et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of quinine against ichthyophthiriasis in common carp Cyprinus carpio

Schumacher¹,

Wedekind²,

El-Matbouli³

2011

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Ichthyophthiriasis, caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is an economically important worldwide parasitic disease that infects all freshwater fish. Since the banning of malachite green for use in food fish, there has been a great need for alternative therapeutants. The goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of quinine against I. multifiliis. Parasite developmental stages from our laboratory-established life cycle in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to quinine in vitro, and a dual fluorescent staining technique was used to allow a clear distinction between viable and damaged parasites. Furthermore, the effect of quinine was assessed in vivo by oral administration and intraperitoneal injections in common carp Cyprinus carpio. The results of the in vitro experiments proved quinine to be effective against the parasite. Quinine injected at a dosage of 60 mg kg -1 body weight resulted in a significantly lower number of trophonts. In contrast, in-feed trials did not show a significant reduction of trophonts after treatment commencing 1 d after infection with concentrations of up to 20 g quinine kg -1 feed for 3 d. After a 14-d treatment at concentrations of up to 10 g quinine kg -1 feed prior to theront exposure, there was also no significant difference in parasite numbers between treated and control groups. The results of oral versus parenteral application of quinine indicate that the substance is not completely absorbed from the intestinal tract of common carp. However, medicated feed containing higher concentrations of quinine was less readily accepted by the fish, presumably due to the bitter taste.

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Effects of crude extracts of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) and Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against the protozoan fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Cited by 97 publications

References 29 publications

Effect of potassium ferrate(VI) on survival and reproduction of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis tomonts

Effect of potassium ferrate(VI) on survival and reproduction of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis tomonts

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Efficacy of quinine against ichthyophthiriasis in common carp Cyprinus carpio

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