Effects of cortisol and stress on the immune system in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salarL.)

Espelid, Sigrun; Løkken, Gunn Berit; Steiro, Kari; Bøgwald, Jarl

doi:10.1006/fsim.1996.0011

Cited by 171 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(70 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It seems that applying the stressor before initiating the immune response could have dire consequences on the immunisation. Recent findings supports these observations, as studies shows that if plasma cortisol levels becomes elevated after the initiation of the innate and adaptive immune responses, the overall disease susceptibility and the production of pathogen-speci c Abs remains unaffected (Espelid et al 1996;Funk et al 2004;Lovy et al 2008;Skinner et al 2010). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Iversen

Eliassen

2013

Fish Physiol Biochem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The experiment consisted of three experimental groups; 1) "vaccine and stress", 2) "stress and vaccine" and 3) control. All groups have previously been vaccinated 6 months prior to the start of the experiment. At the start of the experiment the "vaccine and stress" group was vaccinated with Pentium Forte Plus for the second time (25.02.2008), and then given a daily stressor (crowding stressor, 267 kg m-3 in 15 min) for a period of four weeks. The "stress and vaccine" group was given a similar daily stressor for four weeks, and then vaccinated for the second time. The control group was neither stressed nor vaccinated a second time. The results indicates that a fish in the "stress and vaccine" group enters an allostatic overload type 2 due to oversensitivity to ACTH, a reduced efficient negative feedback system, with elevated baseline levels of plasma cortisol, and reduced immune response with pronounced effects on the wellbeing of the animal. The "vaccine and stress" group entered an allostatic overload type 1 response, with oversensitivity to ACTH and transient reduced efficient negative feedback system, but at the end of the experiment the fish had recovered. This study shows that if plasma cortisol becomes elevated prior to vaccination it could instigate an allostatic overload type 2 with dire consequences on animal welfare. To reduce the risk of compromising the animal welfare during commercial vaccination of salmon one propose to grade the fish minimum a week prior to vaccination, or grade simultaneously with vaccination. This could reduce the overall allostatic load during handling and vaccination, and secure a healthy fish, with intact immune response and improved animal welfare.3

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Iversen

Eliassen

2013

Fish Physiol Biochem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The parrsmolt transformation is a hormonally controlled process in which cortisol plays an important role in transforming ion regulatory mechanisms from hyperosmotic to hypoosmotic (Folmar & Dickhoff 1980, McCormick 1996, Mommsen et al 1999). Although cortisol is probably vital for solving the hyperosmotic stress of the seawater entry, it is also an immunosuppressive hormone with negative consequences to the immunological defense mechanisms (Muona & Soivio 1992, Espelid et al 1996. Hence, at the smolt stage the fish may suffer from suppressed immunological protection possibly due to the cortisolmediated trade-off between energy allocation to ion regulation and immunological defense (McCormick & Saunders 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Gene Expression in the Gill of Salmon (Salmo salar) Smolts from Anadromous and Landlocked Populations

Lemmetyinen

Piironen²,

Kiiskinen

et al. 2013

Annales Zoologici Fennici

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We examined whether gene expression in the young salmon (Salmo salar) gill differs in relation to the salinity of their migration habitat by comparing three salmon stocks: (1) fish that migrate from a river system to Lake Saimaa, (2) fish that migrate to the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea, and (3) fish that migrate to the full-strength salinity of the Arctic Ocean. Transcripts of the gill tissue were measured at three successive developmental stages (parr, smolt and postsmolt) using the cDNA microarray in fish reared under common conditions. The changes in gene expression were qualitatively and quantitatively similar in the three stocks irrespective of the salinity of the natural growing habitat. This suggests that the parr-smolt transformation in the gill tissue of the landlocked fresh-water salmon stock is similar to the seawater migrating salmon. The transformation of the gill to a hypoosmotic organ in the freshwater salmon has been retained in evolution, possibly due to its adaptive role as a signal for migration from a relatively poor-growth environment of the river to a more productive lake habitat.

show abstract

“…Pulsford et al (1994) detected an increased number of leukocytes, particularly phagocytes and damaged cells, in peripheral blood of stressed dab, Limanda limanda, along with a decrease in lymphocyte, thrombocyte and erythrocyte counts. In Espelid et al (1996) study, after cortisol administration, a marked increase in the relative number of thrombocytes was reported, whereas granulocyte, monocyte and lymphocyte counts remained still relatively constant in Atlantic salmon.…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

Stress Response to Long Distance Transportation of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The stress responses and changes in biochemical and haematological indices were investigated in three-year-old common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) during a long-distance transportation in special truck tanks. Twelve-hour transportation caused a significant increase in ammonia (p < 0.01), mean corpuscular volume MCV (p < 0.01), metamyelocytes ( p < 0.05) and band neutrophils (p < 0.01), and a significant decrease in Cl -(p < 0.05), lactate (p < 0.05), ALT (p < 0.05) and ALP (p < 0.01) levels. The values of LDH (p < 0.01), AST (p < 0.05), CK (p < 0.01) and haematocrit PCV (p < 0.05) were also significantly influenced by the transportation, but no time-dependent relation was found. On the contrary, the levels of cortisol, glucose and total protein in the biochemical profile, and the values of erythrocyte count (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), leukocyte counts (WBC) and leukogram (except for metamyelocytes and band neutrophils) in the haematological profile were not significantly influenced by the transportation. Results showed that pre-transport fish manipulation (hauling, netting, handling, loading) was found to be an important stressor for fish. Long-distance transportation itself was relatively considerate for the common carp tested.

show abstract

Effects of cortisol and stress on the immune system in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salarL.)

Cited by 171 publications

References 39 publications

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Comparison of Gene Expression in the Gill of Salmon (Salmo salar) Smolts from Anadromous and Landlocked Populations

Stress Response to Long Distance Transportation of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About