Effects of cooling conditions on the shape, microstructures, and material properties of SS308L thin walls built by wire arc additive manufacturing

Le, Van Thao; Si, Dinh; Hoang, Quang Huy

doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128580

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The DED technologies allow for the elimination of the disadvantages described above for SLM; however, the shape of the workpieces performed by DED requires significant allowances to obtain the required geometry parameters by machining. The most popular DED technologies include laser alloying with wire or powder feeding, electric arc cladding (WAAM), and electric beam cladding with wire [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. When implementing these methods, it is technologically necessary to apply the operations of mechanical and heat treatment to obtain the final product.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure, Phase Composition, and Mechanical Properties of a Layered Bimetallic Composite ER70S-6-ER309LSI Obtained by the WAAM Method

Kabaldin

Shatagin

Ryabov

et al. 2023

Metals

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Currently, additive manufacturing technologies for materials and products are being implemented and improved. This is due to the possibility of creating workpieces with complex geometric shapes and specified functional gradient properties. The materials with the most complex functional properties demanded by the military–energy industry include bimetals of the “low-alloyed carbon steel—stainless chromium-nickel steel” type. One of the promising ways to obtain bimetallic products is the WAAM (Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing) technology. Despite the large scientific groundwork, the composition, structure, and properties of bimetallic composites produced by WAAM have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of the current work is to study the effect of WAAM parameters and the subsequent heat treatment on the composition, structure, and physical and mechanical properties of the bimetallic composite “ER70S-6-R309LSI”. Spectral, metallographic, and X-ray diffraction studies were carried out, as were mechanical tests of the samples obtained under various WAAM modes. In order to improve the composites’ properties, various types of heat treatments were applied. It is shown that the WAAM modes, the building strategy, and heat treatment determine the structure of layers and transition zones, as well as the mechanical characteristics of the composite. The structure of ER70S-6 in the composite is represented by the ferrite and the ferrite–cementite mixture (pearlite), and ER309LSI is represented by different ratios of austenite, δ-ferrite, carbide, and intermetallic phases. From the point of view of the mechanical properties, the most promising mode of surfacing is “Double Pulse”, followed by heat treatment by way of austenitization and normalization annealing. In this case, there is a decrease in the content of the δ-ferrite, a leveling of microhardness values, and a 40% increase in the tensile strength of the composite.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study of the influence of free and active cooling on the surface roughness of the material of SS308L walls fabricated by the WAAM method is shown in [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure, Phase Composition, and Mechanical Properties of a Layered Bimetallic Composite ER70S-6-ER309LSI Obtained by the WAAM Method

Kabaldin

Shatagin

Ryabov

et al. 2023

Metals

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“…[ 12 ] The effect of forced cooling on the WAAM of 308 L stainless steel thin walls was only recently investigated in terms of surface quality, microstructure, and mechanical properties. [ 13 ] The study suggested that forced cooling had a major influence on the increase of layer thickness and on the improvement of the surface finish of WAAM parts, but it also succeeded in limiting microstructure coarsening and it slightly increased tensile properties. In the study, the investigated samples were extracted only from the direction parallel to the deposition layer, and therefore did not consider the possible anisotropy induced by the additive process, already reported by the literature for WAAM austenitic stainless steels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Interlayer Forced Air Cooling on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel

Tonelli

Sola

Laghi

et al. 2021

steel research int.

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Wire‐and‐arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an innovative technology that involves deposition of subsequent layers of molten materials. Due to the high deposition rates, this technology is suitable for the production of large‐scale complex structures. Further enhancement in the productivity can be achieved by an interlayer cooling strategy that reduces idle time between depositions. However, the effect of the interlayer cooling on microstructure and mechanical properties has to be addressed. In this view, the present work compares microstructural features and mechanical properties of WAAM‐produced plates of austenitic AISI 304 L, focusing on the effect of both active interlayer air cooling and possible anisotropy induced by the additive process. Microstructural and mechanical characterization was conducted on samples extracted along the longitudinal, transverse, and diagonal directions to the deposition layers of WAAM plates, processed with and without interlayer active cooling. Results showed no remarkable influence of cooling conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WAAM plates, which are indeed affected by the anisotropy induced by the additive process. The observed anisotropy in the elastic modulus, independent from different cooling conditions, was related to the crystallographic texture consequent to the highly oriented microstructure typically induced by the process.

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“…With an increase in temperature, the internal porosity and grain size of the aluminium alloy increase, and its tensile and yield strengths gradually decrease [19]. e actively cooled deposition wall has lower surface roughness than the freely cooled deposition wall [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a New Cold Metal Transfer Arc Additive Die Manufacturing Process

Zhang

Xing

Yang

et al. 2021

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Due to its high efficiency, cold metal transfer (CMT) arc additive manufacturing presents considerable potential in the aluminium alloy additive manufacturing industry. However, during CMT arc additive manufacturing, the surrounding air environment promotes the lateral flow of liquid aluminium and the instability of the molten pool, reduces the surface quality and material utilisation of deposition walls, and causes internal hydrogen pores and coarse columnar grains, which negatively affect the structure and mechanical properties of the deposition walls. This study developed a CMT arc additive die manufacturing process to control the substrate material and deposition path to improve the physical properties of the deposition wall. The experimental results indicated that the copper plates can affect molten pool flow and material formation in the additive process, minimise hydrogen pores, and refine columnar grains. The porosity dropped from 2.03% to 0.93%, and the average grain size decreased from 16.2 ± 1.4 to 13.6 ± 1.3 μm, thereby enhancing the structure and mechanical properties of the deposition wall to attain standard additive manufacturing products.

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Effects of cooling conditions on the shape, microstructures, and material properties of SS308L thin walls built by wire arc additive manufacturing

Cited by 21 publications

References 11 publications

Microstructure, Phase Composition, and Mechanical Properties of a Layered Bimetallic Composite ER70S-6-ER309LSI Obtained by the WAAM Method

Microstructure, Phase Composition, and Mechanical Properties of a Layered Bimetallic Composite ER70S-6-ER309LSI Obtained by the WAAM Method

Influence of Interlayer Forced Air Cooling on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel

Development of a New Cold Metal Transfer Arc Additive Die Manufacturing Process

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