Effects of controlled and uncontrolled respiration on the conditioned heart rate response in humans.

Wood, Donald M.; Obrist, Paul A.

doi:10.1037/h0045199

Cited by 71 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The respiration results of the present experiment are similar to those reported by Wood & Obrist (1964) for humans insofar as magnitude of heart-rate acceleration was correlated with amplitude of respiration. There was, however, no correlation between the decrease in heart rate and respiratory activity; a finding that is consistent with the notion mentioned above that the decrease ill heart rate was simply a recovery phenomenon.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Wood & Obrist (1964) also found that amplitude of respiratory inspiration was positively correlated with the magnitude of the accelerative component of the CR, thus raising the possibility that heart-rate acceleration was an artifact of respiratory activity. The purposes of the present report were to provide data on the form of the heart-rate CR and respiratory activity in unanesthetized dogs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Two amplitude measures of respiration similar to those reported by Wood & Obrist (1964) were employed. They were calculated by first obtaining the amplitude of the largest single inspiration during (1) the first 6 sec.…”

Section: Response Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in respiration and the form of the heart-rate CR in dogs

Fitzgerald

Walloch

1966

Psychon Sci

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The form of the heart-rate CR and respiratory activity in unanesthetized dogs were studied. The form of the CR was principally monophasic-acceleration with amplitude of respiratory correlating with the amount of heart-rate acceleration.Several studies of cardiac conditioning in humans have shown that when respiration is not controlled the form of the heart-rate CR is diphasic; Le., acceleration followed by deceleration (cf., Zeaman & Smith, 1965). Wood & Obrist (1964) also found that amplitude of respiratory inspiration was positively correlated with the magnitude of the accelerative component of the CR, thus raising the possibility that heart-rate acceleration was an artifact of respiratory activity. The purposes of the present report were to provide data on the form of the heart-rate CR and respiratory activity in unanesthetized dogs. Subjects and ApparatusThe Ss were 55 experimentally naive mongrel dogs at least two years old. The experiment was conducted in a sound-insulated room. The CS was a 13 sec., 350 cps tone presented at 80 db spI. The US was a 3 sec., 9.9 ma, 60-cycle, ac shock. The CS-US interval was 10 sec. with the US overlapping the final 3 sec. of the CS. Respiration was recorded by means of a bellows type pneumograph strapped around S's chest. ProcedureA detailed description of the experimental design of the study can be found in an earlier report (Fitzgerald, in press). Briefly, there were four groups of Ss receiving two days of acquisition and two days of extinction. Only the acquisition results will be described here. On the first day of acquisition a 100% group (N = 15) was given 18 reinforced trials (RT) , while two 50% groups (N = 15 in each case) were given 18 RT and 18 nonreinforced trials (NRT) according to a Gellerman order.The remaining group (N = 10) received 18 backward conditioning trials with the US-CS interval varying among 45,60, and 75 sec. On the second day of acquisition, the 100% group and one of the 50% groups received an additional 12 RT. The remaining 50% group was given 12 RT and 12 NRT. Hereafter, the 100%, the switched 50%, and the unswitched 50% groups will be labeled 100-100, 50-100, and 50-50, respectively. The control group received 12 backward trials on the second day. The mean intertrial interval (ITI) in the 50% condition was 3.5 min. In the case of 100% reinforcement, the ITIs exactly matched those obtaining between RT in the 50% schedule (mean = 6.5).Psychon. Sci.. 1966. Vol. 5 (11) ROBERT D. FITZGERALD AND RICHARD A. WALLOCH UNIVERSITY OF OREGON MEDICAL SCHOOL Response MeasuresThe data obtained on each trial of acquisition were quantified as follows:Heart rate. Beats-per-min. (bpm) measures of heart rate were computed for each of five successive 2-sec. periods of the 10-sec. es-us interval. On NRT bpm heart-rate levels were determined for the 3-sec. shock period and, after CS termination, for five successive 2-sec. periods followed by two 4-sec. periods. The rates during each of these intervals were then corrected for base level by subtracting the bpm rate ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

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confidence: 88%

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Changes in respiration and the form of the heart-rate CR in dogs

Fitzgerald

Walloch

1966

Psychon Sci

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“…Obrist, Wood, and Perez-Reyes (1965) found the amplitude of a short latency acceleration elicited by a visual CS to be "positively correlated with the largest single inspiration during the period of acceleration." A second study (Wood & Obrist, 1964) also found respiratory amplitude correlated with the degree of HR acceleration. Furthermore, when the subject's normal respiration pattern was maintained, during the course of stimulation, the acceleratory component disappeared leaving the deceleratory phase unchanged.…”

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confidence: 83%

The Heart Rate Response to a Brief Auditory and Visual Stimulus

Smith

Strawbridge

1969

Psychophysiology

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The adult heart rate (HR) response was studied in 18 male subjects following a series of 10 tones and 10 light flashes. Both stimuli were of moderate intensity (54 db and 8.0 ml) and had rise times of 30 milliseconds. The tone evoked a predominantly acceleratory response and no decrement with repetition. Initially, the light flash evoked a predominantly deceleratory response which changed to one of acceleration as the stimulus was repeated. Analysis of respiration revealed that an increase in rate and amplitude followed both stimuli and that the magnitude of respiratory changes did not diminish with stimulus repetition. Viewed according to Sokolov's criteria for identifying orienting, defensive, and adaptive responses the results support the conclusions that: (1) HR deceleration is a component of the orienting response; and (2) HR acceleration is neither an orienting, defensive, nor adaptive response but is largely secondary to respiratory changes. On the basis of the evidence, a tentative model of the HR response to simple auditory and visual stimuli is offered.

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“…Moreover, these vagal effects do not appear to be secondary to elevated arterial blood pressure or other responses that can modify vagal activity through the baroreceptor reflexes (78)(79)(80)(81). Conditioned acceleratory responses, on the other hand, are mediated by a combination of increased sympathetic outflow and decreased vagal inhibition (65,76).…”

Section: Direct Reinforcement Of Cardiovascular Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%